After COP21: Where We Go from Here

由专筑网雷军，杨帆

巴黎气候协议会改变建筑师对待他们工作的方法吗？

Will the Paris climate agreement change how architects approach their work?



据报道，2015年联合国气候变化会议在去年秋天于巴黎举行，我们称之为ascop21，196个国家的代表出席了这次会议，包含了多个场馆，他们穿得像北极熊、企鹅、莱昂纳多•迪卡普里奥和肖恩佩恩等名人（以及在当时的恐怖袭击后近300个安全检查站）。然而，会议发起了雄心勃勃的协议：协议限制全球变暖低于2 C（如果可能的话低于1.5 C），此相较于工业化前的水平，这就需要在本世纪后半叶实现温室气体零排放。

在这样一个宣言之后，决策者、环保人士和建筑行业的集体问题是：现在该怎么办？该协议只有在超过全球百分之五十五的温室气体排放的55个成员国，包括美国批准之后方可生效，气候变化仍然是一个分裂的政治问题（可能是无效的，这部分取决于今年的总统选举结果）。因为协议的不确定性，建筑师可以做些什么，以帮助实现这些目标？

对于许多人来说，答案是继续做他们正在做的事情。多年来，住宅和商业建筑占美国能源消费总量的近百分之四十，其中就包含了二氧化碳排放量。通过诸如LEED和AIA 2030的承诺，研究所的成员回应2030建筑挑战，其目的是实现碳中和，15年内建筑师的构思和建造的方式有助于改善这一现状。

据2016年AIA主席罗素戴维森说，自2005年以来高性能建筑在美国造就了约5600亿美元的能源储备。

建筑师在这场竞技中是统领者，国际协会AIA欧洲总裁贝特朗科尔德菲说。“cop21是196个国家代表面对的同一个问题：为得到一个更好的生活质量和节约能源的世界，会议不得不唤起大众的节约意识。不幸的是，在cop21签署的协议是差强人意的，具有不确定性。世界各地的建筑师和工程师在这方面工作多年，他们的作品会更实用，更先进。”

尽管如此，建筑师之间在气候变化和能源的问题上仍有一个领导性的差距。降低排放和实现碳中和是很好理解的，但没有足够的人能做到身体力行，美国建筑师协会会员，环境咨询组委员和AIA能源领导小组可持续发展首席官帕金斯伊士曼建筑师谈论道。

“2030承诺在接下来的15年里，追求合理的目标，因为建筑占了近一半的能源和排放，经验和证据表明，零能耗可以实现无额外费用，”荷西说，“最终，我们可以通过使建筑物产生更多的能量，把它们转化成碳收集槽。障碍与行业的目标没有太大关系，如2030承诺，坦率地说，建筑师并没有表现出足够的领导能力。

荷西谈及数字：87000的AIA会员和数千万企业，只有366个公司已签署2030承诺。这个行业的一小部分都已经做出了承诺。不到一半的公司实际上也报告了他们的相关数据。还有那些作报告的公司，平均能耗已经在过去的五年减少约百分之三十五。

“正视明星建筑师及其建筑”也能很好地扮演这个角色。荷西一直担心那些著名的设计师，包括AIA保险研究员美国建筑师协会会员Frank Gehry，和美国建筑师协会会员Peter Eisenman，他们都觉得实现可持续发展的可能性不大。

“这个行业需要被唤醒，”荷西说。“我的方法是去教育和启发更多的建筑师如何设计出更好的性能。”针对这一状况他写了一本书，《绿色的形状》（岛出版社，2012年）。

获得资金支持这些目标也是必要的。AIA欧洲科尔德菲呼吁行业工程师、承包商和投资者针对cop21精神国际联盟的建立进行更具针对性的国际讨论。“不同国家之间有很多不同标准。在欧洲，北欧国家和德国已经长期存在的环境问题和节约能源方面的问题，AIA及其国际组织能成为一个领导者与国际建筑师联盟一起组织研讨会”。

里夫斯泰勒，美国建筑师协会会员，是参加巴黎Gensler cop21可持续发展会议的领导者。他说：“我们现在有很多的工具，通过能源建模和其他手段，现在我们就好比类固醇激素。让我们通过讨论确立与制造商、开发商、融资合作伙伴的关系。建设的环境应该一个巨大的焦点，但我们的领导人和非政府组织正在参与其中。建筑师作为教育家将起到非常重要的作用。”

面临的主要挑战是降低建筑成本与节能设计。“我们的私人或公共客户愿意遵循可持续发展这一首要准则，”科尔德菲说，“但是他们主要关注的是工程预算，为本地和全球带来的经济效益。”

美国建筑师协会会员巴巴拉，赞扬将全世界的注意力集中在能源和气候问题上，她说这可以激励可再生能源的投资。“ 大城市和中小城市之间存在差距，需要付出巨大的努力才能实现可持续发展，助理教授和代理主席推行可持续发展运用在纽约时装技术学院的研究生课程。“很少有建筑师和业主主动提倡有意义的可持续发展的项目，除非他们的客户或管辖所提出要求。”

如果有苛刻的客户，更多的建筑师会遵照他们的要求。为了使更多的能源效率需求满足更多的普通人，这肯定是cop21所期望达到的效果。“我不相信一个“承诺”，主要集中在建筑师可以唤醒更多的公众意识，这就需要调整方式，一般的人，他甚至不知道建筑师是谁，但却关心回收和节约能源的成本，这也很容易理解，因为它影响了他们的生活。太阳能税收抵免将影响人们的意识。”

如果在解决气候变化问题上的领导层面产生了缺口，这可能会导致到下一代建筑师的滞后。“对巴黎协议的批评产生了虚假的希望，”华盛顿特区研究所主席丹妮尔米切尔说，“但在全球却引起了一个好的开始。我相信这是我们的转变，通过我们的行动来唤醒大众意识。现在，建筑工业界从巴黎协议中获得的成就或批评，都能进一步推动我们来实现这一目标。”

By many accounts, the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris last fall, better known asCOP21, had something of a carnival atmosphere—with 196 countries represented, multiple venues, activists dressed like polar bears and penguins, and celebrities like Leonardo DiCaprio and Sean Penn on hand (as well as nearly 300 security checkpoints in the wake of the then-recent terror attacks). Yet the conference produced a serious and ambitious outcome: an agreement to limit global warming to “well below” 2 C (and below 1.5 C, if possible) compared to preindustrial levels, which would require net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by the second half of this century.
Following such a declaration, the collective question for policymakers, environmental activists, and the building industry is: Now what? The agreement is not binding until 55 member nations who produce more than 55 percent of the world’s greenhouse gases have ratified it—including the United States, where climate change remains a divisive political issue (and potentially a nonstarter, depending in part on the outcome of this year’s presidential election). In light of the agreement and its attendant uncertainties, what can architects do to help achieve these goals?
For many, the answer is to keep doing what they’re already doing. The industry has known for years that residential and commercial buildings account for nearly 40 percent of total U.S. energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. (And, in recognition, the COP21 meeting included the first-ever Buildings Day, with international building experts and a sustainable design expo.) Through programs such as LEED and the AIA 2030 Commitment—the Institute’s member response to the Architecture 2030 Challenge, which aims for carbon neutrality within 15 years—architects have helped to change the way buildings are conceived and built.
According to 2016 AIA President Russell Davidson, FAIA, higher-performance buildings have resulted in about $560 billion in energy savings in the U.S. since 2005.
Architects are ahead of the game in many ways, says Bertrand Coldefy, Intl. Assoc. AIA, 2015 President of AIA Europe. “COP21 was a meeting of 196 countries’ representatives with the same issue: Get a better quality of life for the world, and energy saving,” he says. “For this purpose, the meeting had the very positive outcome to galvanize a large public. Unfortunately, the agreement signed at COP21 was quite poor and hard to finalize. Architects and engineers in different parts of the world have been working strongly for many years on this, and their works are more practical and advanced.”
Despite this, some are saying there is a leadership gap among architects when it comes to climate change and energy. The issue—lowering emissions and achieving carbon neutrality—is well-understood, but not enough people are acting on it, according to Lance Hosey, FAIA, chief sustainability officer for Perkins Eastman Architects and a member of the AIA Committee on the Environment Advisory Group and the AIA Energy Leadership Group.
“The 2030 Commitment is an urgent and reasonable goal for the next 15 years—urgent because buildings account for nearly half of all energy and emissions, and reasonable because experience and evidence show that net zero is achievable without additional costs,” Hosey says. “Eventually, we can shoot for more—by making buildings produce more energy than they need and turning them into carbon sinks. The obstacles have less to do with the industry’s goals, as represented by the 2030 Commitment, than they do with architects not showing enough leadership, frankly.”
Hosey points to the numbers: Of the 87,000 AIA members and tens of thousands of firms, he says, only 366 firms have signed up for the 2030 Commitment. “No matter how you do the math, a tiny fraction of the profession has made a commitment,” he says. “Of the firms who have, fewer than half actually report their numbers. And of those who do report, the average energy reduction has been stuck at about 35 percent for the past five years.”
The profession’s “starchitects” have a role to play as well. Hosey has been unafraid to call out those celebrated designers, including AIA Fellows Frank Gehry, FAIA, and Peter Eisenman, FAIA, who have shown little interest in sustainability or dismissed it outright. (Eisenman once said sustainability had “nothing to do with architecture.”)
“The industry needs a wake-up call,” Hosey says. “My approach has been to try to educate and inspire more architects about how better performance can lead to better design, and vice versa.” Hosey has written a book, The Shape of Green (Island Press, 2012), to this effect.
Getting the money to support these goals is also necessary. AIA Europe’s Coldefy is calling on the profession to apply COP21’s spirit of international coalition-building to more targeted international discussions with engineers, contractors, and investors. “There is a lot of difference between various countries. In Europe, the Nordic countries and Germany have been, for a long time, more ahead on environmental issues and energy savings,” he says. The “AIA and its international organization could be a leader to organize such seminars with the International Union of Architects.”
Rives Taylor, FAIA, the regional sustainability leader for Gensler who attended COP21 events in Paris, agrees. “We have an awful lot of tools now, through energy modeling and other means,” he says. “Now let’s do ‘business as usual’ on steroids. Let’s up our game through discussions and partnerships with manufacturers, developers, financiers. … The built environment should be and must be a huge focus, and we know that already; but our leaders and NGOs are coming around. The role of the architect as an educator will be very important.”
The main challenge is to lower construction costs associated with energy efficient design. “Our private or public clients are willing to follow the sustainable issues,” Coldefy says, “but their main concern is about their construction budget, which follows the local and world economy.”
Barbara Campagna, FAIA, applauds COP21 for focusing the world’s attention on energy and climate, and she says it should spur investment in renewable energy. “As someone who works in both big cities and medium-to-small cities, the disparity between sustainability efforts is huge,” says Campagna, an assistant professor and acting chair in Sustainable Interior Environments at the SUNY Fashion Institute of Technology graduate program. “Few architects and owners apply real, meaningful sustainability efforts to projects unless they are required by the client or the jurisdiction.”
It stands to reason that the more demanding the clients are, the more architects will respond to their demands. And the way to create more demand for energy efficiency is to reach more average people, which was certainly one of the outcomes of COP21. “I do not believe a ‘commitment’ that is primarily focused on architects can promote greater public awareness,” Campagna says. “It needs to be retooled in a way that the average person, who may not even know an architect but cares about recycling and saving energy costs, can readily understand it and feel like it impacts their life. Tax credits for solar energy—that impacts public awareness.”
If there is a leadership gap when it comes to addressing climate change, it may fall to the next generation of architects to close it. “There is criticism of the Paris agreement that is has generated false hope,” says Danielle Mitchell, Assoc. AIA, president of the American Institute of Architecture Students based in Washington, D.C., “but sparking global hope is a good place to start. I believe it is our turn to up the ante and increase our voice through our actions. The building industry community now has an opportunity to take both the achievements and the criticisms from Paris to push ourselves and our goals further.”

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