landscape and the art of survival
　　景观设计和生存艺术
　　Nicole Meier

　　November 14, 2016
　　2016年11月14日

　　由专筑网范偲慧   杨帆编译

　　Event poster “LANDSCAPE 2056“; Technichal University of Munich, Landscape Architecture and Planning; © artist: Ryoji Ikeda; the planck universe, 2015; © photo: Udo Weilacher
　　图为德国慕尼黑工业大学景观建筑与规划专业“景观2056”活动海报

　　This year marked the 60th anniversary of the Landscape Architecture and Planning program at the Technical University of Munich (TUM). It was celebrated with a ceremony and a symposium, each of them attended by 300 guests, an international workshop with 80 participants and an exhibition highlighting the work from the past 60 years.
　　今年是德国慕尼黑工业大学景观建筑与规划专业成立60周年，为此，学校举办了一场300人左右的庆典和研讨会，80名与会者参与了这场国际学术研讨会，并参观了展现过去60年成就的展览。

　　TUM’s program was originally formed during the post WWII rebuilding efforts, at a time when landscape architects were in urgent demand. Meanwhile, it advanced to one of the most well-respected academic programs in landscape architecture and planning worldwide. Today, landscape architects must face new challenges to which the academic programs need to adapt. Renown guests from various disciplines each delivered a vision of the future of landscape and its impact on the profession. The event was highlighted by a speech given by Kongjian Yu, founder of Turenscape and Professor and Dean of the College of Architecture and Landscape Architecture at Peking University, who emphasized the excellent reputation of the TUM program and the relevance of the discipline.
　　慕尼黑工业大学的景观建筑与规划专业最初成立是由于二战后的重建工作急需景观设计方面的人才，期间慢慢发展成全球景观建筑与规划专业的佼佼者。如今，整个景观行业面临着新的挑战，而大学的专业课程必须适应这个挑战。受邀而来的不同领域的知名学者就未来景观设计的发展方向和对景观行业产生的影响发表了自己的看法。北京大学建筑与景观设计学院院长，土人景观创始人俞孔坚教授特邀在会上做了演讲，高度肯定了慕尼黑工业大学在景观及相关专业方面的贡献。

　　The quest for a new terminology
　　我们需要寻求一个新的专业术语

　　The discussion about the future of landscape is inextricably interlinked with the terminology used in its description. The relationship between the rural and the urban is becoming increasingly blurred. Consequently, Kongjian Yu explained, the agricultural landscape traditionally associated with hard work, became a place of leisure in the urban context that led to a transformation of aesthetics. In general, traditional terminology associated with the aesthetic and romantic components of landscape will have to be modified. “We must scrutinize how we fundamentally categorize landscape” Undine Gieseke (TU Berlin) demands a new vocabulary to describe the rural urban nexus. While this is comprehensible, her declaration of “the end of landscape” and the introduction of hyper-objects as formulated by philosopher Timothy Morton seem to be little helpful. The swiss architect Stefan Kurath went even further by provokingly claiming that “landscape doesn’t exist and never has existed”. Unfortunately, the discussion about a new vocabulary got lost in abstract ideas.
　　我们需要一个新的专业术语来描述我们所讨论的关于景观行业未来的发展方向。现在城市和农村之间的界限变得越来越模糊，因此，俞孔坚解释说，原来和艰苦劳动相关联的农业景观已经变成了城市休闲景观，这也导致了美学的转变。总的来说，在景观设计中代表唯美和浪漫的传统术语也应该有所改变。“我们必须深入思考如何从根本上对景观进行分类” ，Undine Gieseke(柏林工业大学)说，“我们需要一个新的词汇来描述城市和农村之间的关系。”这个虽然容易理解，但是景观终结论和引自于哲学家蒂姆.莫顿的“超体论”的观点其实并没有太大用处。瑞士建筑师Stefan Kurath更是发表了令人难以置信的观点“景观并不存在，也永远不会存在”。遗憾的是，关于对新术语的讨论最后迷失在各种抽象的观念中，无疾而终。

　　Landscape architects must expand into new fields to stay relevant
　　景观设计师们想要站住脚跟，必须向其他新的领域扩展

　　One approach of gaining a more comprehensive understanding of the world is to process big data. According to Gieseke, however, we need to apply big data to concrete projects rather than just feeding them into models, thus making science become transformative. Lutz Spandau, CEO of the Allianz Umweltstiftung, suggested “to change our thinking patterns and to discover landscape in new ways” based on social, therapeutic, personality-oriented and education-focused aspects. Further, the recent tendency of implementing productive agricultural land into the urban fabric and the arising digital society will shape our cities in new ways. Landscape architects need to be prepared to fill these gaps of expertise.
　　如果你想更全面地了解这个世界，其中一个方式就是进行大量的数据分析。Gieseke认为我们需要进行大量的数据分析来得出一个合理的方案而不是单单把它们输入系统得出一个模型，这样才有利于我们学科的改变和发展。Lutz Spandau，Allianz Umweltstiftung的CEO提出，我们可以从社会、疗养、个性化、主题教育等这些方面来“改变我们的思维模式，用一种新的视角去发现景观”。此外，生产性的农业用地和城市结构的融合以及数字社会的诞生，这些趋势都将以新的方式塑造我们的城市。景观设计师们需要想办法来填补这些方面专业知识的空白。

　　TUM hosts and guests at the ceremonial celebration: Kongjian Yu (guest speaker), Udo Weilacher (TUM Chair for Landscape Architecture and industrial Landscape), Hannelore Deubzer (TUM Dean of the Faculty of Architecture), Christian Stern (class of 1956); Peter Latz, Jörg Pfadenhauer and Christoph Valentien (emeriti professors); Regine Keller (TUM Chair for Landscape Architecture and Public Space), Gerhard Müller (TUM Vice-President), Wolfgang Haber (emeritus professor); © Sonja Weber
　　慕尼黑工业大学庆典主办方和受邀人的合影：俞孔坚(特邀发言人)，Udo Weilacher(慕尼黑工业大学景观设计和工业景观专业教授)，Hannelore Deubzer(慕尼黑工业大学建筑学院院长)，Christian Stern(1956届校友)，Peter Latz, Jörg Pfadenhauer and Christoph Valentien(退休教授)，Regine Keller(慕尼黑工业大学景观设计和公共空间专业教授)，Gerhard Müller(慕尼黑工业大学副校长)，Wolfgang Haber(退休教授)

　　Landscape architects must get more political
　　景观设计师们需要获得更高的政治地位

　　Wolfgang Haber, Christoph Valentien, Jörg Pfadenhauer and Peter Latz, four emeriti professors who have actively shaped the development of the profession, expressed their unanimous concern over the little influence of landscape architects and planners due to a lack of political involvement. They must overcome the passivity of the last decades and become active. While this dilemma can be observed worldwide, Kongjian Yu may stand out as a role model and proof that a political landscape architect can make a big difference.
　　Wolfgang Haber, Christoph Valentien, Jörg Pfadenhauer 和 Peter Latz这四位退休教授，每一位都为景观行业的发展做出过积极的贡献，他们一致认为景观设计师们的影响力小主要由于没有政治地位。我们必须克服过去几十年间的被动局面，积极投身政治活动，获得更高的政治地位。这样的困境是全球性的，每一个设计师都会遇到，在这方面俞孔坚教授为我们做出了表率，他证明了一个拥有政治地位的景观设计师可以具有更大的影响力。

　　Landscape architects must want the ordinary
　　景观设计师们需要平凡

　　Current design trends were also criticized. There is an “aesthetics of the ordinary” that is missing that would create solutions that are “less but better” (Valentien). “We must want the ordinary and achieving the ordinary is extremely hard. When everyone creates the outstanding then this will result in chaos.” states landscape architect Peter Latz. Inspired by Latz and the ecologist Haber, Kongjian Yu asks to “value the ordinary” and to “minimize intervention and maximize output”.
　　当前的设计趋势遭到了多方非议。而被我们遗忘的“平凡美学”正是一个突破口，即“少而精”。“我们需要平凡，而实现平凡恰恰是最难的。当每个人都想与众不同的时候往往就会导致混乱的产生。” 景观设计师Peter Latz说。受Latz和生态学家Habe的启发，俞孔坚提出了“平凡的价值”以及“干预最小化，输出最大化”的观点。

　　Udo Weilacher and Kongjian Yu exchange views on a stroll through the campus gardens; © Sonja Weber
　　Udo Weilacher和俞孔坚在校园漫步交流。

　　Landscape architects must read the landscape
　　景观设计师必先理解景观

　　Single-minded engineering solutions are not sustainable. Alternatively, as Kongjian Yu explains, green solutions need to be applied in order to establish an ecological infrastructure: “We need to read the landscape and create deep forms that create a strong relationship between the manmade landscape and ecological processes”. Yu defines landscape architecture as “an art of survival” that successfully handles environmental challenges through planning, design, engineering, and management.
　　单一的工程方案是不可持续的。俞孔坚解释说，除此之外，还需要运用绿色方案来建立生态基础设施：“我们需要理解景观，然后创造一个更深层次的形式，那就是将人造景观和生态过程紧密联系在一起”。俞孔坚将景观设计定义为“生存艺术”，即通过规划、设计、工程、管理等方式成功处理环境带来的各种挑战。

　　Landscape architects must create a hyper-faculty for landscape
　　景观设计师们需要建立一个景观的“联合学院”

　　Interdisciplinary collaborations are already a common procedure in the professional world yet need to be improved and further developed. The academic world should likewise create better networks and form alliances. If small landscape architecture schools want to be able to compete in the global academic market, they need to organize themselves in order to generate the vast knowledge that will be needed. Alone they will struggle to answer the questions about the future. Gieseke therefore suggests a hyper-faculty for landscape.
　　跨学科合作在专业领域中已经很常见了，但仍然需要进一步改进和发展。学术界同样应该创造一个更好的网络平台，寻求各方合作。如果一些小的景观设计学院希望能够在全球的学术市场上有竞争力，他们必须联合起来以丰富他们的知识储备。只有这样，他们才能尝试着解答关于未来的发展问题。因此，Gieseke建议建立一所景观“联合学院”。

　　TUM’s landscape architecture program has historically had an excellent reputation for training young professionals. The holistic education, the multidisciplinary, project-based training and the mandatory international experience have made this program unique. The success of the program has been proven by a high demand for graduates in the professional world. Udo Weilacher said that the department wanted “to achieve more” however, they “are driving with a tightened hand break”. It is hoped that funding levels will be provided to allow the program to progress in a way that will meet the challenges which the field is beginning to face.
　　慕尼黑工业大学的景观设计专业历来是年轻景观设计师们的摇篮，在业内有很高的声誉。其全面的教育，多学科合作，项目实训以及国际交流经验使其变得独一无二。这个专业的成功说明了在景观专业领域对这些新鲜血液的高需求。Udo Weilacher说，尽管学院想要“实现更多目标”，但是往往力不从心，希望能有足够的资金支撑这个专业直面整个景观行业所面临的挑战。

　　For those who are interested in the entirety of the presentations, including Kongjian Yu’s lecture, visiting the website of the Study Program Division Landscape Architecture and Landscape Planning at Technical University of Munich is recommended: www.landschaft.wzw.tum.de.
　　如果对整个研讨会感兴趣，包括俞孔坚的演讲，可以访问慕尼黑工业大学景观建筑和规划专业官网的项目研究专区：www.landschaft.wzw.tum.de.

　　来源：http://www.landezine.com/index.p ... he-art-of-survival/