丹麦建筑师约恩•伍重（Jorn Utzon）的十大代表作
10 key projects by Sydney Opera House architect Jørn Utzon
由专筑网李韧，吴静雅编译
为了庆祝丹麦建筑师约恩•伍重（Jørn Utzon）的100周年诞辰，我们记录了他的100个代表项目。
这位普利兹克建筑奖获得者的一大代表作就是悉尼歌剧院该建筑在2007年被宣布为联合国教科文组织世界遗产 - 使得Utzon成为第二位在他们有生之年得到认可的人。
To celebrate what would have been the 100th birthday of Danish architect Jørn Utzon, we've collaborated with the Utzon Center in Denmark to highlight 10 of his most important projects, including the one everyone knows.
The Pritzker Prize-winning architect is best known for his design of the iconic Sydney Opera House. The building was declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2007 – making Utzon the second person ever to have received this recognition in their own lifetime.
这位建筑师于2008年去世，他在1976年于自己的家乡哥本哈根设计了Bagsværd教堂，并且在1982年设计了科威特国民议会大厦。
另外，伍重还设计了几个住宅项目，例如丹麦的Fredensborg住宅和Kingo住宅。
他将传统的北欧文化和设计的自然原则相结合，同时参考了墨西哥、中国、日本等国家的传统建筑。
伍重在1970年提出了一种类似分子结构生成的"加法建筑" (Additive Architecture)模式，将建筑设计方法比拟自然界的增长模式，也就是说建筑师可以在设计中添加重复的元素以满足项目的需求。
为了庆祝这位建筑师的百年诞辰，人们在丹麦奥尔堡的伍重中心举行了展览。
那么让我们来一起欣赏一下伍重的10大代表项目。
Other notable public buildings by Utzon, who died in 2008, include the Bagsværd Church, which was completed near his hometown of Copenhagen in 1976, and Kuwait's National Assembly building, completed in 1982.
Utzon also designed several residential projects, such as the Fredensborg houses and the Kingo houses in his native Denmark.
He combined his traditionally Nordic concern for nature and social values with design principals he gleaned from the historic architecture of countries such as Mexico, China and Japan.
He coined the term Additive Architecture in a manifesto he wrote in 1970, describing his approach to designing buildings as akin to that of growth patterns in nature, where repeated elements can be added to match the needs of the project.
To celebrate the architect's centenary, the Utzon Center in Aalborg is holding an exhibition as part of the worldwide Utzon100 celebration.
Read on to discover 10 of Utzon's most important buildings:
Bagsværd教堂、地点：丹麦 哥本哈根、项目时间：1976年
该项目位于一片狭窄的城市街区，Bagsværd教堂呈直线排布，教堂的外立面由混凝土预制面板和釉面白色瓷砖组合而成，顶部由铝制屋面构成，阳光可以通过天窗进入教堂内部。
建筑独特的天花板由弧形钢筋混凝土壳体构成，下方由支柱支撑。后侧墙体则通过白色砖石支撑，这些白色砖石布置在一个三角形网格框架之中。另外，教堂的各个构件和座椅都通过浅色松木制成，与弯曲的白色混凝土、地板瓷砖相互补充，匹配。
Bagsværd Church, near Copenhagen, Denmark, 1976
Sitting on a narrow urban plot, Bagsværd Church has a rectilinear plan. The Lutheran church's exterior facade is made from panels of prefabricated concrete and glazed white tiles, topped by an aluminium roof. Skylights fill the church rooms with daylight that reflects off the rounded vaulting.
The unique ceiling shape is formed of curving reinforced concrete shells supported by columns. The alter wall is made from slim white bricks arranged in a triangular grid, and the church's organ and pews hewn from light-toned pine wood.
Can Lis住宅、项目地点：西班牙 马略卡岛、项目时间：1971年
该项目的名字来源于伍重的妻子Lis，建筑位于西班牙马略卡岛波尔图佩特罗附近，这是伍重一家人的夏日度假小屋。该项目由4个独立的体块构成，它们通过墙体和庭院相联系。
在该项目中，建筑师采用了马略卡岛当地的材料，那是一种粉红色砂岩，当地人称为“Marés”，这让建筑与周边的景观相融合。所有的建筑体量都朝向大海，但在角度上略微不同。
Can Lis house, Majorca, Spain, 1971
Named after Utzon's wife, Lis, Utzon built this summer house near Porto Petro in Majorca for his family. Planned around the family's daily life, Can Lis consists of four separate blocks linked by walls and a courtyard.
The architect used traditional Majorcan materials, namely a local pink sandstone known as marés stone, allowing the house to blend into the landscape. All of the blocks face the sea, but at a slightly different orientations to follow the angle of the cliffs.
Fredensborg住宅、项目地点：丹麦、项目时间：1963年
该项目位于丹麦Frendensborg的郊区地带，这片住宅区的使用者是那些曾经在国外工作过一段时间的退休老人。
在设计中，伍重参考了北京故宫的布局，他将47座拥有庭院的住宅和30座拥有阳台的住宅有序地分为3组。围绕着中心区域设置了公共空间，其中包括餐厅、会议室，以及9间客房。住宅呈L型布局，并且拥有可通达的私人花园。
Fredensborg Houses, Frendensborg, Denmark, 1963
This housing complex on the outskirts of the town of Frendensborg was designed to provide homes for Danish pensioners who had worked outside the country for an extended period of time.
Referencing the hutong housing in Beijing's Forbidden City, Utzon arranged 47 courtyard homes and 30 terraced houses around a square in groups of three, along with a central building housing a restaurant, meeting spaces and nine guest rooms. Each L-shaped courtyard house has its own walled garden.
科威特国民议会大厦、项目地点：科威特、项目时间：1982年
伍重于1972年开始设计这座建筑，十年后，科威特国民议会大厦在其儿子的指导下建成。该项目的设计灵感来源于伊斯兰风格，伍重将建筑布局于院落之中，就如同一座小城市。
除了两个大厅，建筑的其他体量都由表面光滑的白色预制混凝土构件建造而成。建筑屋顶覆盖着公共广场，延伸向波斯湾海岸，屋顶由双排混凝土支柱支撑，并用钢索结构支撑半圆形壳体。
Kuwait National Assembly, Kuwait City, Kuwait, 1982
Designed by Utzon in 1972, the Kuwait National Assembly building was completed a decade later under the instruction of his son, Jan. Informed by Islamic architecture, Utzon conceived the parliamentary building as a walled city in miniature, arranged around a courtyard.
Aside from two of the halls, all of the buildings in the complex are made from prefabricated white concrete with a smooth finish. A public square is covered by a roof that swoops up towards the sea of the Persian Gulf, supported by a double row of concrete columns with semi-cylindrical shells post-tensioned with steel cables.
悉尼歌剧院、项目地点：澳大利亚，悉尼、项目时间：1973年
这是伍重最著名的建筑，也是世界现代建筑的代表作品。这位丹麦建筑师于1957年赢得了悉尼歌剧院的方案竞标，但是由于成本因素，他又于1966年退出该项目的方案组。最终该项目于1973年完工。
歌剧院的弧形屋顶由预制混凝土面板建造而成，下方通过混凝土肋架支撑，以人字形排列组合的砖块覆盖着下部各个功能空间，立面的剩余部分则由粉红色花岗岩覆盖。
Sydney Opera House, Sydney, Australia, 1973
Utzon's most famous project, and arguably one of the world's most iconic pieces of modern architecture, proved gruelling to complete. The Danish architect won the competition to design the Sydney Opera House in 1957, but resigned from the project in 1966 after concerns over construction costs escalated. The building was completed without him in 1973.
Swooping over the harbour, the Opera House's curving roof shells are formed from precast concrete panels supported by precast concrete ribs, covered in over a million glossy white and matte cream tiles arranged in a chevron pattern. The rest of the facade is covered in panels of pink granite.
伍重自宅、项目地点：丹麦、项目时间：1952年
伍重第一个完成的项目是他自己位于丹麦Hellebæk森林边缘的住宅。在设计与建造过程中，伍重并没有使用过多的技术策略，与施工方共同合作，让这座建筑逐渐成型。
这座单层建筑狭窄而修长，下方是砖石平台，与周边的场地形成呼应，建筑立面的一侧由玻璃建造，并且在卧室中设置有天窗，黄色砖石、松木、铝板在建筑的内外空间随处可见。
Utzon's House, Hellebæk, Denmark, 1952
One of Utzon's first completed projects was his own house on the edge of a forest in Hellebæk, Denmark. The architect built the residence without using technical plans, employing builders who were prepared to work with him reshaping the design as the building work progressed.
The flat-roofed one-storey building is long and narrow, set on a brick platform that adjusts for the sloping site. One side of the facade is entirely glazed, while the bedrooms only have skylights. Yellow bricks, pine wood and aluminium were used for both the interior and exterior.
Espansiva住宅系统、项目地点：丹麦：项目时间：20世纪70年代
Espansiva是伍重设计的一个模块化住宅系统，该项目能够为客户量身定制木结构建筑。建筑的原型基于方形基本单元，每个单元都使用预制混凝土管道与横梁。
建筑地面由混凝土构成，在其角落设置有四根木制支柱。胶合板绝缘层和屋顶面板用波纹金属等材料覆盖，并在需要时插入玻璃材料。
Espansiva system, Hellebæk, Denmark, 1970s
Although it never quite took off, the Espansiva was a modular housing system designed by Utzon to provide clients with fully customisable timber-framed houses. Prototypes featured four basic units, each one raised above the ground on precast concrete pipes and beams.
The floor is made from concrete elements, with four pillars of laminated wood making up each corner. Plywood insulation and roof panels could be covered with materials such as corrugated metal, and glazed sections inserted where desired.
Kingo住宅、项目地点：丹麦、项目时间：1958年
该项目位于丹麦东部，由国家投资建设，伍重将传统的丹麦农舍与中式元素、伊斯兰风格相结合。
每座建筑的形态都呈L型，面向庭院而开放，建筑周边有着外墙环绕，形成方形空间。建筑的一侧是休息区域，另一侧则是起居空间。伍重通过砖石来建造庭院的外墙，但仍然使每座建筑与其所处的场地相适应。
Kingo Houses, Helsingør, Denmark, 1958
For this state-funded development of 60 houses in eastern Denmark, Utzon combined traditional Danish farmhouses with elements from Chinese and Islamic Architecture.
Each L-shaped house opens onto a courtyard protected by exterior walls, forming a square. One wing is dedicated to sleeping quarters, and the other for living. Utzon set the number of bricks to be used for the courtyard walls, but instructed builders to adapt each house to its location on the site.
Middelboe住宅、项目地点：丹麦、项目时间：1953年
Middelboe住宅（Stilt住宅）是一座私人建筑，位于哥本哈根郊区海岸。建筑呈长条形，通过预制混凝土支柱和横梁支撑，其下方灰空间则可用作停车空间，为使用者带来惬意的室外生活。
项目的设计布局灵感来源于柯布西耶的公寓模块，建筑的一层设置了长方形开放式起居室、卧室，以及一个类似阳台的室外空间。建筑的色彩直接表达了施工策略，体现了深色混凝土横梁和红色木制次级构件。
Middelboe House, Holte, Denmark, 1953
Also called the Stilt House, Middelboe house is a private house on the shore of Lake Furesø in a suburb of Copenhagen. The long rectilinear building is raised on precast concrete beams and pillars, creating a covered space underneath that can be used to park vehicles and provides a sheltered place for outdoor living.
The design and layout was informed by Le Corbusier's apartment blocks in Berlin and Marseilles. Upstairs, the first floor is includes a long open-plan living area, bedrooms, and another outdoor space in the form of a balcony. The colour scheme highlights the construction method, with the concrete beams tinged black and the secondary wooden structure of larch painted red.
伍重中心、项目地点：丹麦、项目时间：2008年
伍重设计的最后一座建筑便是奥尔滨的伍重中心，他从小在这里成长。伍重中心并不是一座博物馆，而是一个建筑师们能够在这里集会并且讨论思路的场所，这座建筑的施工最后由伍重的儿子Kim监督完成。
建筑师环绕中央庭院设计了一系列的建筑体量，其屋顶向上弯曲以形成一个形似帐篷的内部空间，下部楼层的天窗向上突起，如同一座座小山峰。其中的功能有礼堂、图书馆、工作室，以及一些展览空间。
图片版权：伍重中心
Utzon Center, Aalborg, Denmark, 2008
The last building Utzon designed was the Center for architecture on Aalborg's waterfront, the harbour city where he grew up. The Utzon Center is not a museum so much as a place for architects to gather and discuss. The building was completed by his son, Kim.
Consisting of a cluster of buildings around a platform courtyard, the center has sculptural roofs that curve sharply upwards to create a tented interior space, and some lower roofs with large skylights set into their peaks. Facilities include an auditorium, library and spaces for exhibitions and workshops.
Images courtesy of the Utzon Center.
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