美国航天局可持续发展中心/NASA Sustainability Base. Image Courtesy of William McDonough + Partners

聚焦：威廉•麦唐纳
Spotlight: William McDonough

由专筑网芮万里，李韧编译

威廉•麦唐纳（William McDonough）出生于1951年2月20日，为我们提供了新的视野去重新看待人类世界，他是建筑师、设计师、作家、教育家、社会领袖，有时候也会被称为是“我们这个时代最顶尖的生态建筑师”。

通过他的“从摇篮到摇篮（Cradle to Cradle）”理论，麦唐纳的设计作品都具有特殊的使用寿命，在建筑拆除之后，各部分材料会被分解、并重归大自然，最后重新被使用以解决其他设计问题。

Sometimes referred to as “the leading environmental architect of our time,” in his roles as architect, designer, author, educator and social leader, William McDonough (born 20 February 1951) has provided a renewed look at the things that we make and their impact on both our bodies and the world.
Through his Cradle to Cradle philosophy, McDonough’s buildings are designed to function for a predetermined lifespan, after which they can be broken down into their various parts whose core elements can be used anew to solve a different design problem.


© Marta Chierego – World Economic Forum

麦唐纳在达特茅斯学院和耶鲁大学完成他的学业之后，于1981年在纽约开设了自己的建筑事务所，该事务所现在名为威廉•麦唐纳建筑事务所（William McDonough + Partners）。

他职业生涯早期的项目包括爱尔兰的太阳能小屋以及1985年受美国环保协会委托在纽约设计的第一栋“绿色办公室”，他早年的这些建筑实践中，可持续性是他重点关注和研究的主题。

EDF简报对空气质量提出了严格的要求，促使麦唐纳开始将其毕生精力投入到了对绿色健康材料的研究之中。

麦唐纳的设计开启了美国绿色建筑之路，并且促成了美国绿色建筑委员会（US Green Building Council）的成立。

Upon finishing his architectural education at Dartmouth and Yale, McDonough opened his own firm, now called William McDonough + Partners, in 1981 in New York City.
Sustainability became a theme early in his career, with projects including the design of a solar house in Ireland, and in 1985, the commission for the first “green office” in New York for the Environmental Defense Fund.
The EDF brief called for strict air quality requirements, prompting McDonough to begin his lifelong investigation into healthy materials.
McDonough’s design set in motion the trend of green building in the United States and lead to the formation of the US Green Building Council.


American University School of International Service. Image © Prakash Patel/William McDonough + Partners

唐纳德在接下来的10年中先后设计了Herman Miller的“绿房”工厂办公室（1995年）、Gap公司的企业园（1997年）、耐克公司欧洲总部（1999年）、奥伯林学院（Oberlin College）的Adam Joseph Lewis环境研究中心（Adam Joseph Lewis Center for Environmental Studies ，2001年）；同时唐纳德也于1992年发表了第一篇关于可持续设计方面的论文“The Hannover Principles: Design for Sustainability”。这段时间的实践和研究让他看见了可持续设计更加长远和多样的未来。

在1994年，麦唐纳在被任命为弗吉尼亚大学建筑学院院长之后，他的设计任务中心逐渐转到了夏洛茨维尔（Charlottesville）。

The subsequent decade saw further variations on sustainable design, with projects ranging from Herman Miller’s “Greenhouse” Factory and Offices (1995); the Corporate Campus for Gap, Inc. (1997); Nike’s European Headquarters (1999); and the Adam Joseph Lewis Center for Environmental Studies at Oberlin College (2001) as well as McDonough’s first treatise on sustainable design, The Hannover Principles: Design for Sustainability in 1992.
In 1994, McDonough moved his practice to Charlottesville, Virginia after being named Dean of the School of Architecture at the University of Virginia.


ICEhouse. Image © Bertrand Radelow

2002年，麦唐纳联合出版了《从摇篮到摇篮：重塑我们造物之道》。

该书力图要颠覆“节约，再利用，可循环”这三个传统的理念，并在建筑全寿命周期中结合运用可循环利用的建筑材料。

为了使建筑具有可回归性，这些材料都具有“技术成分”和“生物成分”的特点。

“技术成分”包括材料应该能够在封闭循环的工业体系中重新被使用，而“生物成分”则包括材料能够被分解并重新返回大自然。

“从摇篮到摇篮”的理念在整个设计圈被迅速传播，并且从此启发了非盈利性的“从摇篮到摇篮”产品革新研究所，该研究所会对可持续性设计、循环经济设计的实践作品进行授权和奖励。

In 2002, McDonough co-authored Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the Way We Make Things.
The manifesto proposed to upend the traditional adage of “reduce, reuse, recycle,” calling instead for materials to be “upcycled” at the end of their initial useful life span.
To design products able to be upcycled, materials should be composed of what McDonough refers to as “technical” and “biological nutrients.”
Technical nutrients consist of materials that can be reused in a closed-loop industrial system, while biological nutrients refer to materials that can break down to reenter the environment.
Cradle to Cradle was quickly disseminated throughout design circles, and has since inspired the non-profit Cradle to Cradle Products Innovation Institute, which empowers and rewards innovation in the practice of sustainable, circular-economy design.


分析图，美国航天局可持续发展中心/Diagram, NASA Sustainability Base. Image Courtesy of William McDonough + Partners

在此次研究的突破之后，麦唐纳继续将研究重点放在环境友好型以及有社会意识的设计上，并且帮助布拉德皮特的Make It Right基金会制定具有环境使命的规范标准，并为卡特里娜飓风受害者的家园重建项目提供帮助。

麦唐纳（McDonough）也亲自为新奥尔良第九灾区设计了具有可持续性的复式住宅，该住宅被称作是“流动的花朵。”

麦唐纳近几年的实践项目包括ICE住宅（2016年），这是一座可移动的“木框架”，并且使用了循环利用的材料来为使用者创造庇护所；Method Manufacturing Facility（2014年），这是一座在芝加哥被污染的场地上建造的可持续性工厂；同时还有美国航天局可持续发展中心（2011年），这是一座为太空项目创造的“生活实验室”，它的绿色可持续性甚至达到了LEED白金认证的标准。

麦唐纳同时也是斯坦福特大学第一个“活体档案”项目记录的对象，他们几乎将建筑师每时每刻都记录下来，让人们了解这些改变了世界的工作与生活方式。

Since that breakthrough, McDonough has continued to focus on environmentally and socially-conscious design, helping to establish criteria for the environmental mission of Brad Pitt's Make It Right Foundation in their bid to provide architect-designed homes for victims of Hurricane Katrina.
McDonough himself contributed designs for a sustainable duplex in New Orleans’ Ninth Ward known as the “flow house.”
Recent projects of McDonough’s have included ICEhouse (2016), a transportable “wonderframe” that uses any available materials to create shelter; Method Manufacturing Facility (2014), a new factory for sustainable products on a Chicago brownfield site; and the NASA Sustainability Base (2011), a “living laboratory” for the space program that outperforms LEED platinum standards.
McDonough is also the subject of Stanford University's first "living archive," where nearly all of the architect’s daily moments are recorded in an effort to change the way we as humans remember and record our daily lives.


American University School of International Service. Image © Prakash Patel/William McDonough + Partners

通过他自身的成功，麦唐纳已经改变了建筑师与自然环境对话的关系，他始终坚信只有建筑师抱着共生的态度以及可持续的理念才能够和自然环境维持和谐的关系：“我所尝试的一切都是希望促进人与自然之间的相互作用。”

Through his successes, McDonough has changed the discourse on architecture’s relationship to the environment, a relationship he believes is only sustainable through a symbiotic attitude: “What I’m trying to look at is how do we make humans supportive of the natural world, the way the natural world is supportive of us.”


Courtesy of William McDonough + Partners


© Bertram Radelow, courtesy of William McDonough + Partners


Courtesy of William McDonough + Partners


© William McDonough + Partners


© Bertram Radelow, courtesy of William McDonough + Partners


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