Image © Miguel Fernández-Galiano Rodriguez

如何实现轻体量和可拆卸建筑：未来的建筑即是材料仓库
Lightweight & Detachable Solutions: Buildings as a Reserve of Materials for the Future

由专筑网K&C，小R编译

2016年的威尼斯建筑双年展，策展人Alejandro Aravena决定回收并重复利用上届艺术双年展后废弃的100吨材料，来打造新展览馆。因此近10,000平方米的石膏板和14 km的金属结构得以保留，这样的行为说明，被丢弃的物品只要通过设计，也能带来价值。行为背后还引申出一个事实：建筑师在思考建筑时，通常目光局限在限制在设计阶段、施工阶段，最多也就到使用阶段而已。我们几乎没有想到当建筑使用寿命到头，即将被拆除时，建筑会变成什么样，这个问题本身就应该是设计的一部分。

众所周知，建筑业的整个生命周期会依赖大量自然资源、水源和能源来进行建设和维护，对地球的影响不可忽视。根据《2019年循环经济报告》[1]，建筑行业所需物资几乎占全球消费物资的50％（424亿吨）。建筑业也是最大的废物产生者，大部分建筑很难回收再利用。不仅如此，建筑废料处理方式太过随意，根本无法用于之后的民用建筑。

At the 2016 Venice Architecture Biennale, curator Alejandro Aravena decided to reuse 100 tons of material discarded by the previous Art Biennale to create the new exhibition halls. Besides preserving 10,000 m2 of plasterboard and 14 km of metallic structures, the initiative intended to give value, through design, to something that would otherwise be discarded as waste. The project also shed light on another observation: as architects, we generally restrict ourselves to thinking about buildings during the design process, construction phase, and at most through the use phase. We hardly think of what will become of them when they are demolished at the end of their useful life, an issue that should urgently become part of the conversation.
It is already well known that the construction industry has had a significant impact on the planet by using extensive natural resources, water, and energy for the execution and maintenance of projects throughout their life cycle. According to The Circularity Gap 2019 report [1], the construction sector accounts for almost 50% of materials used globally (42.4 billion tons). It is also one of the largest generators of waste, much of which is difficult to reuse or recycle. To make matters worse, construction materials are generally disposed of in a haphazard manner, rendering them useless for later use in civil construction.


Image © Hall+Merrick

传统建筑行业的工作流程，即提取-制造-使用-处置，会对地球产生实质性的负面影响和不可逆转的后果。而今取代这种模式的，是受到自然生态系统启发的“循环经济”，自然生态系统有着回收和循环利用的工作流程，这种自然回归方式可以对环境造成较小的负面影响。同理，如果某种材料不再只按固定用途使用，而是可以对其进行修复并回收再利用，资源就几乎可以无限期地循环，在保证人类和自然双重安全的经济环境中流通。

这样的理论当然浅显易懂。但是，我们如何在实践中真正回收已达到使用年限的建筑物呢？如果重新配置具备适应性再利用的建筑材料这一条路难以实现，什么样的办法才能让垃圾填埋场中的累积材料变废为宝？城市矿业的概念为我们提供了一种有趣的思路。在钢筋混凝土密集耸立的城市中，原材料不再来自其发源地，而是位于新的人为存储库，即建筑物中。也就是说，把城市当做产品和原材料的大型仓库。

The linear model (extraction - manufacture - use - disposal) typically followed by the construction industry generates substantial negative impacts and irreversible consequences for the planet. An alternative to this model is the so-called circular economy, which is inspired by natural ecosystems wherein processes and work-flows create cycles of resorption and recycling, finding ways of returning to nature with little negative environmental impact. According to this reasoning, when a material no longer serves its pre-established use, it can be repaired, reused, or recycled, allowing resources to be reused almost indefinitely while circulating in safe and healthy economies for both human beings and for nature.
In theory this method seems quite simple. But how do we recycle buildings that have fulfilled their useful life in practice? If a building cannot be reconfigured for adaptive reuse, how can we transform its materials to give them new life through initiatives that help reduce the number of obsolete materials accumulated in landfills? The concept of urban mining offers an interesting approach. In cities which have a huge stock of built structures, a large portion of the raw materials are no longer located at their original source, but in new anthropogenic repositories (i.e. buildings). In other words, cities can be considered immense repositories of products and raw materials.


Image © Pasindu Kithmina

另一个有趣的思路来自上世纪90年代“解构主义（DfD）”运动。解构主义的主张是方便拆卸（部分或全部）的建筑设计，以便整体回收或者部分组件和材料的回收，从而保证建筑物在生命周期结束时可以尽可能实现高效的回收利用。解构主义的提出源于日益突出的现实矛盾，即多数建筑的寿命是有限的，但每栋建筑的建造实质上是资源的累积，不应该终结于垃圾填埋场，必须重新回到“减少、重用、回收”的循环链当中。在这样的主张下，解构主义开始探索结构的生命周期，并预想每个部件该如何重复使用，从而减少资源消耗和环境污染。

因此在实践中，我们应该考虑“拆卸”而不是“拆除”。这种方法需要对建筑物组件进行严谨的解构，既可以对其进行维护，或重复使用到其他建筑物中，也可以将材料定向回收利用。想要有效和成功地实现这种过程，重点是分离开不同的材料。易于分离的结构和建筑组件是实现高质量回收过程的核心。Annette Hillebrandt [2]认为，可拆卸结构的建筑在拆除过程中非常高速和经济，比如当下广泛使用的胶合接头和复合接头结构。它们可以被回收，不会粘附到其他材料上，这对于有效回收非常重要。可拆卸结构还能对建筑物的维护起到更加便利的作用，使其更具弹性和可持续性。

Another interesting concept is the movement called Design for Deconstruction (DfD), started in the 1990's. By definition, DfD calls for buildings to facilitate future dismantling (partial or total) in order to recover systems, components, and materials, thus guaranteeing that the building can be recycled as efficiently as possible at the end of its life cycle. The strategy is based on a growing recognition of the fact that most of the built environment has a limited lifespan and that each building represents a deposit of resources which, instead of ending up in a landfill, must find its way back to the "reduce, reuse, recycle" loop. Thus, DfD involves understanding the complete life cycle of a structure and predicting the reuse of its parts, thus reducing resource consumption and pollution.
In practice, instead of demolition, we should think about dismantling. This method involves a careful deconstruction of the building's components, which can be repaired or reused in other buildings or directed for recycling. To make the process more efficient and successful, it is important that the different materials can be separated from each other. Easily separable structures and construction products are at the heart of a high quality recycling process. According to Annette Hillebrandt [2], structures joined by detachable connections that can be dismantled quickly and economically are viable alternatives to the glued joints and composite joint structures that are widely used today. They allow for the recovery of materials without the adhesion of other substances, which is essential for effective recycling. Detachable connections also facilitate repairs while the building is being actively used, making them more resilient and sustainable.


Cortesia de weber Saint-Gobain

但是，如果没有建筑业和制造业共同努力，仍然使用不能轻易拆卸和回收的材料，设计师也会独木难支。Saint-Gobain Weber就曾对缺乏可回收性的复合隔热结构表示不满，这种结构只能被整体拆掉。当时该公司就对此提出了解决方案，也就是第一个由可移动、并且可以全部回收的隔热材料结构。特殊隔离织物嵌入灰泥基础，不用胶板，因此可以完全分解和分离。建筑局规定的隔热复合材料系统所必须的耐久性和安全性，这种可回收复合保温系统在整个使用寿命期间都能达到其要求。并且这种结构还能回收组件并方便进行替换，也为将来的技术进步铺平了道路。使用寿命结束后，这些组件就可以用于搭建全新的高质量建筑。可回收复合保温系统斩获了联邦生态设计奖，这是德国最权威的生态设计奖。

But without technological contributions from the construction and manufacturing industries, designers end up with their hands tied, using materials that do not allow for easy disassembly and recycling. Saint-Gobain Weber noted dissatisfaction with the lack of recyclability of composite thermal insulation systems, which end up being mixed together. The company developed a solution that is the first system made of removable and fully recyclable thermal insulation. A specially developed separation fabric embedded in the base plaster, as well as the absence of glue, ensures that it can be completely disassembled and separated. Throughout its lifespan, the weber.therm circle meets the same durability and safety requirements as any other thermal insulation composite system approved by construction authorities. Due to its structure, it allows for the recycling of components and facilitates easy conversions, paving the way for the inclusion of future technological advances. After reaching the end of their useful life, the components are used to create new, high-quality products. The system has even received the Federal Ecodesign Award, the largest state ecological design award in Germany.


Cortesia de weber Saint-Gobain

对于热声绝缘，也有许多有趣的选择。圣戈班集团的ISOVER系列产品提供各类隔热和隔音的墙壁、天花板及地板，这些材料也很容易回收利用。包括Isofacade，Politherm，Kontur等产品，每种产品适用于不同类别的建筑，以及建筑内的不同位置。集团有专门的废物管理计划，实现分类回收和废物处理，从而再生产新的玻璃棉绝缘材料，或用于制造例如砖之类的产品。

再说室内外墙体，Glasroc®X公司就推出过在建筑使用寿命到头后可以完全回收的石膏板。石膏其实具有非常高的回收潜力，石膏废料回收之后还可能产生一种代替石膏的新建筑材料。

For thermo-acoustic insulation there are many interesting options. Saint-Gobain's ISOVER offers several possibilities for thermal and acoustic insulation in walls, ceilings, and floors, which can be easily recycled. This includes products such as Isofacade, Politherm, Kontur, and others, each suitable for different construction systems and available in certain locations. The company develops waste management schemes to properly collect, separate, and process end-of-life waste to form new glass wool insulation or to manufacture other useful products, such as bricks.
Gypsum boards used in internal and external walls, such as Glasroc® X, are completely recyclable after the end of the building's life cycle. Gypsum, specifically, is a material with high potential for recyclability. By recycling the gypsum waste, it is possible to generate a raw material that can replace the raw material of virgin gypsum in the manufacture of new products.


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还有其他同时满足易拆卸、良好光照和通风的建筑材料。CLIMAVER（玻纤复合风管系统）是用于空调、通风和供暖系统的自支撑风道，与传统的金属风道相比，这种绝缘子系统每平方米的重量能减少三倍以上（从6 kg/m2减少到2 kg/m2）。该系统是用高达60％的可回收材料生产的，如果是用于生产玻璃回收率能达到100％，如果拆卸时系统并未损坏，就可在其他建筑物中完美地重复使用。

Other products and solutions make construction lighter and easier, in addition to allowing easier disassembly. CLIMAVER is a self-supporting duct for air conditioning, ventilation, and heating systems, which reduces the weight per square meter by more than 3 times (from more than 6 kg/m2 to 2 kg/m2) in comparison to traditional metal ducts surrounded by insulators. They are produced with up to 60% recycled material, 100% for glass, and are perfectly reusable in other buildings if they are mechanically intact.


Image © Jesús Granada

在建筑设计阶段考虑适应性、拆卸性和回收再利用性，可以减少资源浪费并延长建筑物组件的使用寿命，为甲方、乙方，居民和社区都带来经济和环境效益。在设计阶段时刻考虑循环经济，责任人在掌控建筑过程的时候，就能够做出减少环境影响，节约资源和降低成本的决策。这种方法会涉及到全方面，从考虑可拆卸到实现可拆卸，并在任意阶段使用可回收和可持续的材料。要真正实现可持续发展，建筑一定不会永远停留在钢筋混凝土架构当中。

Designing buildings to support adaptation, disassembly, and reuse can reduce waste and extend the useful life of a building's constituent materials, providing ec onomic and environmental benefits for builders, owners, occupants, and communities. By designing with this circular economy in mind, those responsible will have control over most of the process and will be able to make decisions to reduce environmental impact, conserve resources, and reduce costs. This methodology involves everything from thinking about removable and detachable joints to specifying recyclable and sustainable materials in all stages. To be truly sustainable, the architecture of the future must not be expected to last forever.


Cortesia de weber Saint-Gobain

Notes
[1] Hillebrandt, Annette; Riegler-Floors, Petra; Rosen, Anja; Seggewies, Johanna-Katharina. Manual of Recycling: Building as Sources of Materials. Edition Detail. 2019
Written by Eduardo Souza


Cortesia de Saint-Gobain