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多年来菲律宾建筑的演变
The Evolution of Architecture in the Philippines Through the Years

由专筑网Zia，小R编译

菲律宾的历史和文化反映在其建筑遗产中，来自其他国家的众多影响为人们今天看到的现代设计铺设了道路。菲律宾的建筑在西式风格中混合了文化的影响，其建筑随着国家和人民的进步而发展，但辉煌的记忆仍然蕴含在国家的历史中。

目前菲律宾的建筑发展是真实增长的结果，它包含了对外来影响的接受与融合。它的建筑景观在传统的小木屋、高耸的西班牙殖民时期防御工事、美国联邦建筑以及今天城市的现代混凝土结构之间形成了鲜明的对比。因此，菲律宾已经成为一个建筑风格的熔炉。本文将探讨菲律宾的建筑从最初的简单设计到今天的高耸复杂的演变过程。

The history and culture of the Philippines are reflected in its architectural heritage, with numerous influences from other nations paving the way for the contemporary designs we see today, a mixité of cultural influences amongst Western-style buildings. Philippine architecture has grown along with the progress of the nation and its people, but memories of a glorious past are still embedded within the nation’s history.
The current Philippine architecture is an outcome of authentic growth that has enriched the reception of its influences. Its architectural landscape is a contrast between small traditional huts; towering Spanish colonial fortifications; American Commonwealth architecture; and today’s contemporary, concrete structures of the cities. As a result, the Philippines has become an architectural melting pot. This article will explore the ways in which architecture in the Philippines has since evolved from its initial, humble designs, to the towering structures we see today.


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Bahay Kubo

菲律宾群岛共有大约7640个岛屿，其中2000个岛屿无人居住，因此有巨大的空间和丰富的自然资源用于建造房屋，祖先的部落利用这些资源建造了第一个已知的菲律宾房屋。Bahay Kubo（尼帕小屋）是一种由尼帕、竹子和其他本地材料组成的小木屋。由于设计简单，易于执行，而且材料容易获得，许多居民至今仍采用这种建造方式。时至今日，Bahay Kubo已成为农村社区和热带度假区的常见建筑景观。

With approximately 7640 islands–2000 of which remain uninhabited–the Philippine archipelago has immense space and vast natural resources for the act of building homes, which the ancestral tribes used to their advantage in building the first known Filipino home. Bahay Kubo (Nipa Hut), is a small hut comprising of nipa, bamboo, and other native materials. Many citizens to this day still adopt this style of habitation due to its simple design, ease of execution, and its readily available materials. To this day, the Bahay Kubo is a common sight in rural communities, as well as in tropical resorts.


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Bahay na Bato

西班牙殖民时代为菲律宾带来了石头和砖石建筑，这加速了基础设施的发展，即道路和桥梁，同时带来了另一种菲律宾传统住宅Bahay na Bato（石屋）。这种建筑以土坯墙为结构基础，以木材为主要材料，是大型开放式上层建筑，这种源自中美洲的西班牙风格非常适合多自然灾害的菲律宾气候。

The Spanish colonial era brought about stone and masonry construction in the Philippines, which led to the development of infrastructure, namely roads and bridges, paving the way for the introduction of another traditional Filipino home, Bahay na Bato (Stone House). With adobe walls as its structural foundation and wood as the main materials for the large open-layout upper levels, the Hispanic style that originated from Central America was ideal for the Philippine climate fraught with natural disasters.


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Tsalet

随着1898年殖民权从西班牙转移到美国，菲律宾在建筑方面取得了一些进展。其中之一是对卫生价值的强调，这为通过桶式水利系统引进厕所或cubeta奠定了基础。从而引入规划良好的街区概念，称为"卫生区"（Sanitary Barrio），以及后来的 " tsalet "。

tsalet被定义为"乡土建筑的热带特征与卫生原则和现代材料的混合产物"，也完善了菲律宾家庭的使用功能。私人车库已经普及，浴室和厨房现在都在屋内，室内包括了现代功能，如冲水系统和淋浴。

With the transfer of colonial power from Spain to the United States in 1898 came a number of architectural advancements in the Philippines. One of these was the emphasis on sanitary values, which laid the foundation for the introduction of a toilet, or a cubeta, through a pail conservancy system. This led to the introduction of the concept of a well-planned neighborhood called Sanitary Barrio, and later tsalet.
Defined as ‘the crossbreed of the tropical features of vernacular buildings with hygienic structural principles and modern materials’, tsalet designs brought about simplified functions of the Filipino home. Private garages had become commonplace, as well as the occupants’ bathroom and kitchen now being situated inside the home, employing modern features such as the flush system and modern shower.


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单层住宅

在美国殖民时期，建筑进一步发展，出现了该国最常见的住宅类型——单层住宅。这些低层住宅采用斜屋顶和水平的形式，屋顶通常由镀锌铁皮制成，墙壁由混凝土制成，并带有院子、花园或车位。

这种传统的菲律宾房屋经常出现在城市地区，因为它们比多层住宅更容易建造，成本也更低。由于照顾长者在菲律宾文化中意义重大，单层住宅也是老年居民的理想选择，因为它的面积大，易于维护，适合在家中移动。单层住宅还为居住者提供了更多的隐私空间，他们可以利用周围的树木和栅栏来挡住窗户。

Bungalow
Amidst the American colonial period came about further major architectural developments, including the origin of the most common type of occupancy in the country, the bungalow. These low-rise homes sport a pitched roof and a horizontal shape, with the roof typically made of galvanized iron, walls made of concrete, and equipped with a yard, a garden, or covered car port–if not all three.
This traditional Filipino house is often found in urban areas, as they are easier and less expensive to build than a multi-story home. With caring for elders being significant in Filipino culture, the bungalow is also ideal for senior residents due to its size, ease of maintenance, and suitability for movement through the home. Bungalows also offer more privacy to their occupants who can utilize the surrounding trees and fences to block the windows.


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联排别墅

联排别墅是菲律宾另一种常见的住宅类型，通常出现在城市地区的早期住宅开发中。全国各地的小区都采用了这种类型的设计，既有城市的感觉，又远离市中心。联排别墅被认为是新家庭的"起步之家"，因为它们在地段面积和建筑及维护的总体成本方面是最经济的。

Townhouse
Townhouses are another common type of home in the Philippines, typically found in the early residential developments in urban areas. Subdivisions across the country have adopted this type of design, providing an urban feel without having to live in the city center. Townhouses are considered ‘starter homes’ for new families, especially as they are the most economical in terms of lot area and overall cost of building and maintenance.


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高级公寓

现在在菲律宾，公寓已成为最新和最现代的住宅风格，由于它们提供的舒适和便利，使其成为城市居民的理想住所，因此，公寓已占领了主要城市市场。居民可以便捷地使用健身房和娱乐设施，而不必为维护院子和车库而操心。这些类型的住宅都有自己的建筑保安、园艺师、修理工、管家和各种服务。它们的视觉冲击力描绘了今天国家中心城市枢纽的天际线。

Condominium
Now arriving at the most recent and contemporary style of home in the Philippines, condominiums have taken over major cities as a result of the comfort and convenience they provide to make them the ideal residence for city dwellers. Residents have direct access to gyms and recreational facilities, without the added worry about maintaining yards and garages. These types of homes come with their own building security, landscapers, repairmen, housekeepers, and all kinds of services. Its visual impact paints the skylines of the country’s central city hubs today.


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从地中海沿岸的影响到极简主义，在菲律宾可以看到许多住宅设计，但以上这些仍然是菲律宾大多数住宅的基础。房屋建筑技术和材料的进步，以及新建筑概念的引入，改变了菲律宾住宅的定义。

随着联排别墅和公寓等新设计的继续流行，像Bahay Kubo风格的平房组合仍在不断地被重新定义。期待菲律宾向世界上更多的建筑风格开放，并继续保持自己的文化底蕴，只有时间才能告诉我们什么是菲律宾居民的明天，以及菲律宾建筑进化的未来。

From influences of the Mediterranean coast to minimalism, many home designs can be seen in the Philippines, but the above remain the basis of what most homes look like in the country. Advancements in home building technology and materials, as well as the introduction of new architectural concepts, have since changed the definition of a Filipino home.
As new home designs amongst townhouses and condominiums continue to rise in popularity, combinations like Bahay Kubo-styled bungalows are still repeatedly being redefined. As the Philippines opens up to more of the world’s architecture and continues to stay true to its own, only time will tell as to what the Filipino home dweller can look forward to in the future, as well as what the next step in the evolution of Filipino architecture shall entail.


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