十条妙计教你设计清凉空间，抵御酷暑
Ten principles for designing cool spaces for hot weather

由专筑网Yinglin，小R编译

英国和西欧经历了破纪录的热浪，气候变化意味着炽热的高温会越来越常见。Smith Mordak列出了十种设计方法，让建筑在炎热天气里依然清凉。

你想设计出清凉的建筑吗？遵循这些原则，你也可以成为一个清凉空间设计师——真正的受欢迎！

Following a record-breaking heatwave in the UK and western Europe, with climate change meaning that sweltering temperatures are likely to become more common, Smith Mordak outlines 10 ways to design buildings that remain cool in hot weather.
Want to design cool architecture? Of course you do! Follow these principles and you too can be a cool designer of cool spaces that don't heat up our climate – not cool.


Photo by Lara Swimmer

地源热泵和低矮建筑

低矮的建筑比高而细的建筑更凉爽，因为地面温度相对恒定。地源热泵可以加速这个过程，夏天把热量存到地下，冬天从地下取热。

图中的盐湖城“主人之家”是由建筑师Kipp Edick和Joe Sadoski设计的零碳建筑。它主要是一层楼，使用地源热泵作为在犹他州极端夏季和冬季中控制温度的措施之一。

Ground-source heat pumps and low-lying buildings
Low-lying buildings stay cooler than tall skinny ones because the ground maintains a pretty even temperature. Ground-source heat pumps essentially supercharge this process by facilitating depositing heat in the ground in summer and drawing heat from the ground in winter.
Host House in Salt Lake City (pictured), was designed by architects Kipp Edick and Joe Sadoski to be a net-zero building. It is mostly one-storey and uses a ground-source heat pump as one of its measures for controlling temperatures during the extremes of the Utah summers and winters.


Photo by Oskar Proctor

裸露的热质量

内部暴露的热质是同一概念的小型版本。具有热质的材料能够储存热量或凉意，减小昼夜温差。

混凝土在热质材料的应用中已经占据高位太久了。有人认为，尽管生产混凝土会排放大量二氧化碳，但节省的供暖和降温能耗可以弥补这一点。这种说法就像那些过度包装的无营养食品广告，声称你“省”了钱，但其实你最好根本不要买。混凝土并不是热质的唯一选择。

汉麻混凝土——一种由汉麻茎（植物的木质部分）和石灰粘合剂混合而成的材料——是一种高度绝缘的材料，提供了理想的热质，同时不需要巨大的初始碳排放。它也具有透气性，能根据环境吸收和释放水分，从而控制湿度。其他低碳热质材料还有石头、夯土和未烧制的砖块。

图中的剑桥郡平房是由Practice Architecture设计的零碳住宅，广泛使用汉麻混凝土，尤其是在暴露的内墙上。

Exposed thermal mass
Internally exposed thermal mass is a mini version of this same concept. Thermally massive materials store heat or coolness, reducing the temperature difference between day and night.
Concrete has been soaring high on the thermal mass scale for far too long. The argument goes that while you'll emit a load of carbon dioxide making the cement, the energy you'll save by not having to heat and cool the building as much will make up for it. This is as annoying as those ads for excessively packaged nutrient-free foodstuffs that claim you'll 'save' money buying them because they're not quite as overpriced as they were yesterday, when you'd be better off not buying them at all. Concrete does not have a monopoly on thermal mass.
Hempcrete – a mix of hemp shiv (the woody stem of the plant) and a lime binder – is a highly insulating material that also provides that much sought-after thermal mass without the huge upfront carbon cost. It's also vapour permeable and absorbs and releases moisture depending on its environment, so it controls humidity. Other low-carbon thermally massive materials include stone, rammed earth, and unfired bricks.
Flat House in Cambridgeshire (pictured), is a zero-carbon house designed by Practice Architecture that makes extensive use of hempcrete inside and out, especially on the exposed interior walls.


Photo courtesy of BVN Donovan Hill

空气冷却

如果你在地下室打造一个热质迷宫，那么当人们来拜访时，你不仅可以说“想看看我的迷宫吗？”你还拥有一个不需要插电的冷却仓库。假如你在外界空气进入居住空间之前，先让它经过这些冷墙和地下迷宫，那么你无需使用冷却器就能让空间降温。

新南威尔士州的澳大利亚植物银行（如图所示）使用了一个地下热迷宫来捕获并保持白天的热量或夜晚的凉爽，防止剧烈的温度波动，使建筑的温度变化可达7.5摄氏度。这座建筑由BVN Donovan Hill设计。

Air cooling
If you create a labyrinth of thermal mass in your basement then not only do you get to say "want to see my labyrinth?" when people come to visit, you also have a no-need-to-plug-in coolness store always at hand. If you slowly pass outside air across the cool walls and of your cool underground maze before bringing it into inhabited spaces, then you've supercooled your passive ventilation without any chillers.
The Australian Plant Bank in New South Wales (pictured) uses an underground thermal labyrinth to capture and retain the heat of the day or the cool of the night, preventing sharp temperature fluctuations and warming or cooling the building by up to 7.5 degrees centigrade. It was designed by BVN Donovan Hill.


Photo by Tommaso Riva

热量提取

我们不仅要引入冷空气，还需要排除热空气。即使你断开所有设备的电源，人们的活动仍然会产生需要排除的热量，尤其是当建筑内有很多人时。

当然，除非建筑位于一个即使在夜晚也从不寒冷的气候中，否则这种热量提取需要加以控制。热空气会上升，所以高大空间能够让热量汇集在一旁，通过高处可开启的窗户将热空气排出，或者使用带风帽的烟囱利用过往的风将空气向上抽出建筑，都是不错的策略。

图中显示的是巴厘岛由Ibuku设计的The Arc健身房，其屋顶的顶部有通风口，可以让热空气逸出。

Heat extraction
As well as bringing in the cold we need to get rid of the heat. Even if you unplug everything, people still generate heat that needs removing, especially if there are a lot of people in your building.
Of course, unless your building is in a climate that never gets cold, even at night, this heat extraction needs to be controlled. Heat rises, so tall spaces that allow the heat to collect out of the way, openable windows at a high level that let the hot air out, and chimneys with wind cowls that use the passing wind to draw the air up through the building are all good tactics.
The image shows The Arc gymnasium in Bali designed by Ibuku, which uses vents at the apex of its roof to allow warm air to escape.


Photo by Hufton + Crow

阻挡热量进入

为了减少建筑需要排出热量或引入冷空气的工作量，设计良好的建筑应该阻止热量进入。如果你的地下室还没有热迷宫，那么在空气进出口安装热交换器，就可以确保冬天不会损耗热量，夏天不会获得热量。

防止室内温度被室外温度影响的一个重要方法是保温：使用由生物基无污染材料制成的厚保温层。再加上双层或三层玻璃，以及厚厚的绿色屋顶（既能保温又有利于生物多样性）。

图中展示的是由Heatherwick Studio设计的利兹Maggie's癌症中心，采用天然材料建造，屋顶覆盖了约克郡森林的本土植物种类。

Keeping heat out
To reduce the amount of work the building needs to do to extract the heat or bring in the cold, well-designed buildings keep the heat out. If you don't have a thermal labyrinth in your basement (yet!) then having a heat exchanger on your air intake/extract means you're not losing heat in winter or gaining it in summer.
A huge way to prevent the temperature indoors from being a slave to the temperature outdoors is insulation: lovely thick insulation made from biobased, non-polluting materials. Couple this with double or triple glazing and a fat green roof (both insulating and brilliant for biodiversity) and you're laughing.
The image shows the Maggie's Centre for cancer patients in Leeds, designed by Heatherwick Studio and built with natural materials. Its roof is covered in plant species native to the woodlands of Yorkshire.


Photo by Leonardo Finotti

外部遮阳

我们在隔热方面做得越来越好，但作为一个行业，我们在外部遮阳方面仍然做得不够。这种方法能在第一时间阻止热量进入建筑。

遮阳需要考虑朝向。垂直遮阳最适合东、西向立面，因为太阳的位置较低。悬挑和水平遮阳最适合太阳最高的位置（在北半球是南方，在南半球是北方）。

落叶植物也很有用，因为它们在冬天会脱落叶子（即它们的小型遮阳设备），让你能享受阳光的温暖。其他动态遮阳设备包括百叶窗和遮篷，可以移动或开合。遮阳最好在外部，因为这样热量永远不会进入室内，但如果实在不行，室内使用浅色遮阳——可以将热量反射出去。

Aleph Zero和Rosenbaum设计了巴西北部的儿童村学校寄宿设施（如图所示），其大屋顶由交叉层压木材框架支撑，为建筑遮阳。

External shading
We're getting better at insulation, but what we're still mostly rubbish at as a profession is external shading. This keeps the heat off the building in the first place.
Shading needs to consider orientation. Vertical shading is best for east-and west-facing facades where the sun is lower. Overhangs and horizontal shading are best for the highest sun (from the south in the northern hemisphere and north in the southern hemisphere).
Deciduous trees are also handy, given how they shed their little shading units (aka leaves) in the winter when you appreciate the sun's warmth. Other dynamic shading options are shutters and awnings that you can move or open and close. The shading is best outside because then the heat never gets indoors, but at a push, internal shading that's pale – so that it reflects the heat back out – is better than nothing.
Aleph Zero and Rosenbaum designed the Children Village school boarding facility in northern Brazil (pictured) with a large canopy roof framed by cross-laminated timber to shade the building.


Photo by Rasmus Hjortshøj

绿色城市环境

设计一个清凉的建筑不仅仅是关于建筑本身，还要设计一个清凉的环境，让你的建筑坐落其中。城市热岛效应使得城市区域的温度比农村高出10多摄氏度。如果我们想减轻热浪对健康的影响，减少建筑的能耗，就必须紧急应对这一问题。

这意味着在城市空间中减少散热的东西，比如更少的汽车和空调装置，把热气排到街道上。这也意味着不要在阳光下放置热蓄电池：城镇和城市往往充满了以砖石铺路和柏油路形式存在的热质，这些东西会吸收太阳的热量并牢牢保持住。我们需要更少的柏油路和更多的绿色，当我们为建筑加装外部隔热层时，如果能减少阳光下烹饪的砖石量，那就更好了。

图中所示的哥本哈根Karen Blixens Plads公共广场，由COBE设计，覆盖了自行车的遮蔽停车场，并且常常在中性色瓷砖间交错种植植物和树木。

Green urban environments
Designing a cool building is not just about the building, but also about designing a cool environment for your building to be in. The urban heat island effect can increase temperatures in urban areas by more than 10 degrees Celsius compared to their rural neighbours. We desperately need to tackle this if we're to ease the health impacts of heatwaves and reduce the energy demand of buildings.
This means fewer heat-emitting things in urban spaces, ie fewer cars and fewer air conditioning units pumping out hot exhaust into the streets. It also means not leaving heat batteries lying about in the sun: towns and cities tend to be stock-full of thermal mass in the form of masonry, paving, and tarmac that soak up the heat from the sun and hang on to it tightly. We need less tarmac and more green, and when we retrofit our buildings with external insulation it would be great if this was reducing the amount of masonry cooking in the sunshine.
The Karen Blixens Plads public plaza in Copenhagen (pictured), which was designed by COBE, covers sheltered parking for bicycles and features neutral-coloured tiles frequently interspersed with planting and trees.


Photo by Wayne W

公共区域的遮荫

树木真是神奇。不仅可以遮荫，还为无数物种提供栖息地。它们通过菌丝网络与其他植物分享信息和养分，改善土壤健康。更妙的是，它们通过蒸腾作用为周围空气降温。

蒸腾作用是树木利用空气中的热能将叶片中的水分蒸发。我们不必全依赖树木，流动的水（从瀑布到喷雾器）也有同样的效果。当水蒸发时，周围空气会变凉。我们还可以借用树木的遮阳技术：遮住阳光，让那些硬质、热量大的材料不要像披萨石一样把我们烤焦。

Shaded public realm
Trees are magic. Not only do they provide shade, habitats for a gazillion species, share information and nutrients with each other and other plants through mycelium networks and improve soil health, but they also cool the air around them via evapotranspiration.
This is where the trees use the heat energy in the air to evaporate the water in their leaves. We don't need to leave this all up to the trees, however: moving water (from waterfalls to misters) has the same effect, as when the water evaporates it leaves the air around it cooler. We can also rip off the trees' shading technologies: keep the sun off external spaces to prevent those hard, thermally massive materials from cooking us like pizza stones.


Photo by Víctor de la Fuente

浅色屋顶

最后，再批评一下柏油路和它的伙伴——沥青屋顶——它们颜色深，容易吸热。如果这些表面颜色浅些，就能把热量反射回城外。

图中所示的Casa Banlusa是一座位于巴利亚多利德的白顶别墅，由建筑事务所Sara Acebes Anta设计。

Pale roofs
A final dig at tarmac and its buddy, the bitumen roof, is that they are dark and so they absorb heat. If these surfaces were paler, they could help reflect heat back out of town.
Casa Banlusa (pictured) is a white-roofed villa in Valladolid designed by architecture studio Sara Acebes Anta.


Photo by Charly Broyez

低能耗生活与减少隐含碳

除了“材料优先”和缓解城市热岛效应外，还要记住，促进有助于适应气候变化的行为也是关键。例如，你家的声学设计是否允许你在奇怪的时间工作，或者如何设计空间以适应灵活性，让居住者随着太阳在天空中的移动而在房子里移动？

减少建筑内产生的热量是连接行为改变和建筑设计的概念。我们几乎插电的每样东西都在发热，所以我们需要更高效的设备，也要关掉一些东西。

图中所示的巴黎公寓楼由Mars Architectes设计，完全由木模块建造，并且外覆木材。

这几乎是我们对“清凉设计师”原则的最终探讨了。还有最后一件事，也许是最重要的一件事。

Low-energy living and reduced embodied carbon
As well as 'fabric first' and alleviating the urban heat island effect, let's remember that facilitating behaviours that allow us to adapt to a changing climate is also part of this story. For example, how do the acoustics inside your home allow you to work odd hours, or how can you design spaces not for fixed activities, but the flexibility to allow inhabitants to move around a house as the sun moves across the sky?
Reducing the amount of heat being generated inside a building is a concept that bridges behaviour change and building design. Pretty much everything we plug in is pumping out heat (even a fan, depressingly) so we need more efficient appliances but also to just switch stuff off. If there's an alternative way to do something without energy, consider it!
Mars Architectes designed the apartment block in Paris (pictured) entirely from wooden modules that are also clad in timber.
This brings us almost to the end of our survey of principles for being a cool designer. There's just one final thing, arguably the most important.


当然，上面提到的那些方法你都该做，但如果你想成为一个真正“酷”的设计师，你不仅需要大幅减少让项目舒适健康所需的能量，还需要大幅减少项目的隐含碳。换句话说，你需要甩掉覆盖在大气中的所有温室气体的“棉被”。

在我们人类眼中，二氧化碳和甲烷和氧气一样透明，但如果我们能看到红外光，我们会发现大气层变得越来越不透明。这些温室气体通过阻挡红外光逃逸到太空中，导致了全球变暖，就像当你的棉被遮住你家人以为你睡着了时，你的手机仍在发光一样。就不凉爽了。

Definitely do all that stuff above, but if you want to be a really cool designer, you need to not only massively reduce the energy needed to make your projects comfortable and healthy, you also need massively reduce the embodied carbon of your projects. In other words, you need to throw off the duvet that is all those greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
To our human eyes, carbon dioxide and methane are as transparent as oxygen, but if we could see infrared light, we would see the atmosphere getting more and more opaque. Those greenhouse gases are causing global heating by blocking infrared light from busting out into space, like when your duvet hides the fact that your phone is still glowing when your family thinks you're asleep. Not cool. Not cool. Not cool.