如何将社会住房同旅游业相结合以帮助解决哈瓦那的住房危机
How Combining Social Housing with Tourism Could Help Solve Havana’s Housing Crisis
由专筑网芮万里，杨帆编译
古巴是加勒比海最大的一个岛屿，它是一个文化大熔炉，有超过1100万人口，其中混有土著居民泰诺人、西沃内人以及西班牙殖民者和非洲奴役的后代。
自从1959年由菲德尔•卡斯特罗领导了一场革命之后，这个国家成为西半球仅有的稳定的共产主义国家，它在冷战时期与前苏联关系紧密而与附近的邻邦以及美国关系冷淡，直到最近才开始逐渐缓和。
虽然首都哈瓦那的建筑反应出这片区域有活力的、丰富的历史，但在革命之后，政府将重点转移到农村，哈瓦那也失去其主要地位，该地的建筑逐渐成为废墟。
Iwo Borkowicz是三位获得2016年杰出青年建筑师奖中的其中一位建筑师，他制定了一个能够为哈瓦那带来可持续的活力，并使该城市恢复其核心地位的计划。
The largest of the Caribbean islands, Cuba is a cultural melting pot of over 11 million people, combining native Taíno and Ciboney people with descendants of Spanish colonists and African slaves.
Since the 1959 revolution led by Fidel Castro, the country has been the only stable communist regime in the Western hemisphere, with close ties to the Soviet Union during the Cold War and frosty relationship with its nearby neighbor, the United States, that has only recently begun to thaw.
While the architecture in the capital city of Havana reflects the dynamic and rich history of the area, after the revolution Havana lost its priority status and government focus shifted to rural areas, and the buildings of Havana have been left to ruin ever since.
Iwo Borkowicz, one of three winners of the 2016 Young Talent Architecture Award, has developed a plan that could bring some vibrancy, and most importantly some sustainability, back to Havana, the historic core of the city.
Courtesy of Iwo Borkowicz
据报道，在后半个世纪里，由于哈瓦那低廉的建筑维护费用，部分甚至整个建筑每两三天都会由于洪水、海水的腐蚀或超载而崩塌。多达20个家庭拥挤地住在一户住宅里。
尽管古巴的法律阻止人们通过移民进入首都，但哈瓦那仍处于重大的住房危机中。
根据2010年的一项研究，这个岛上大约缺乏五十万个住房单元来充分满足该国家的需要，考虑崩塌的建筑，这个数字目前估计将会达到六十万到一百万之间。
仅哈瓦那一个城市就有超过十万人口没有房屋居住。换句话说，合适的住房是古巴人民迫切渴望得到的。
After half a century of poor maintenance within Havana Vieja, buildings are reported to be partially, or even entirely, collapsing at a rate of 2 every 3 days due to flooding, salt water corrosion, and overloading; as many as 20 families can be living in a villa originally designed for one.
Despite a Cuban law preventing people from migrating into the capital, Havana is still struggling with a major housing crisis.
According to a 2010 study, the island lacked around 500,000 housing units to adequately fulfil the nation’s needs, but due to the collapsing buildings, this number is currently estimated to be somewhere between 600,000 and 1 million.
Havana alone has over 100,000 people without an apartment to live in. In other words, suitable housing is high up on the list of the Cuban people’s needs.
Courtesy of Iwo Borkowicz
现存的国家住房危机与它迅速扩张的旅游产业同时存在。
由于国家的共产主义制度，像酒店这样私有制的商业是根本不存在的，尽管近350万名游客渴望在2017年去这个国家旅游，通过Borkowicz，我们得知他们中的90%都渴望去哈瓦那旅游。
不过,自1997年以来政府已经允许古巴人民出租房间,这种方式一般在古巴被称为“casas particulares,”以应对旅游的需求,从而无需建立与哈瓦那景观不相容的大型酒店。
这一理念和令人绝望的住房需求以及从旅游业获得地方经济收入的可能性启发了Borkowicz提出一个在哈瓦那将社会性住房同旅游业结合起来的提议。
Existing alongside the country’s housing crisis is its rapidly expanding tourism industry.
Due to the country’s communist rule, privately owned businesses such as hotels are essentially non-existent, in spite of the nearly 3.5 million tourists expected to visit the country in 2017 - with 90% of them, according to Borkowicz, expected to visit Havana.
However, the government has allowed Cuban people to rent out rooms in their own homes since 1997, commonly known in Cuba as "casas particulares," responding to the touristic demand without having to build large hotels alien to the Havana landscape.
This concept, as well as the desperate need for housing and possible local economic gain from tourism, is what inspired Borkowicz to develop a proposal to combine social housing with tourism in Havana Vieja.
Image Courtesy of Iwo Borkowicz
这个想法通过结合更新现存的建筑以及哈瓦那附近部分倒塌的建筑物并且增加纵向的延伸来实现，最后完成平均修建四层建筑的计划。
偶尔会有现存的建筑物已经倒塌而无法修复时需要重新临时设计结构。
Borkowicz的预想是在空间的使用上永久居住的居民相对于临时居住的居民的比例是3:1，这些建筑不仅需要满足哈瓦那现存住房的短缺，并且必须取代它们。
目前住房的短缺需要9200个新的居住单元，每个单元预算为70平方米的面积。
Borkowicz提出采用12栋已经在哈瓦那建成存在的住房，使用它们的容积作为基准运用在他提出的平均修建4层的建筑上，以此推断该项目产生的所有楼层面积总共是105812平方米，是当前所需要面积的3倍。
The idea is to merge the two by renovating existing, partially collapsed buildings around Havana Vieja, and adding vertical extensions to fulfil Borkowicz’s plan to build with an average of 4 floors.
Occasionally structures are designed from scratch when the existing building has collapsed beyond repair.
As Borkowicz envisions the use of space in a 3:1 ratio of permanent versus temporary inhabitants, these buildings need to not only accommodate for the existing housing shortages in Havana Vieja, but must supersede them.
Currently the housing shortages require 9,200 new housing units, with an assumed floor space of 70 square meters per unit.
Borkowicz looked at 12 housing blocks already existing in Havana Vieja, using their volumes as a benchmark for calculations on his proposal of an average of 4 storeys per building and concluded that the total generated floor space from his project could amount to 105,812 square meters - 3 times as much space as is currently needed.
Image Courtesy of Iwo Borkowicz
Image Courtesy of Iwo Borkowicz
这个提议不仅仅为古巴人民提供更多的住房，当它们能够出租更多的房间给游客时，它还会成为居民们收入的来源。
古巴住房危机其中最主要的原因之一就是缺少财政的支持，然而，Borkowicz提出居民可以在十年内偿还贷款，同时仍可以持有10%的收入供个人使用。（估计总额约古巴平均薪水的4倍。）
营业方式可分为两种定价体系，一种为当地人，一种为外国人。对于当地人而言，这笔钱将花得物超所值。例如，Brokowicz注意到冰淇淋出售给外国人的价格是平时的24倍。
Not only will this proposal provide more housing for the Cuban population, it will also serve as a source of income for the inhabitants, as they will be able to rent out more rooms to tourists.
One of the main reasons for Cuba’s housing crisis is the lack of financial support, however Borkowicz proposes that residents could repay loans over an estimated 10 year period, while still keeping around 10% of the revenue for personal use (estimated to total around 4 times as much as the average salary in Cuba).
For locals, this sum of money can often buy them far more value for money, as some business run two pricing systems - one for locals and one for the foreigners. For example, Borkowicz has noted ice cream selling for 24 times the price when bought by a tourist.
Image Courtesy of Iwo Borkowicz
作为Borkowicz研究的一部分，他制定了6种原型，每一个都对它们所处的地块作出了回应：原型1和3使用在小块土地上的单层住房中，这些住房环境非常糟糕，它们被完全取代；原型2同前一种环境的解决方法相似，但是原有的建筑还有较好的形状，可以对其改建继续使用；原型5通过加入两栋现存的背靠背的建筑以连接两条平行的街道，在每条街上都有一栋建筑。最后的原型6不是社会住房项目，但是建议把它放置在空的靠角落的地块，并且解决合伙办公空间的需要以促进小型商业的发展。
As part of his research project, Borkowicz has established 6 prototypes, each responding to the individual situations on their site: Prototype 1 and 3 take place on existing plots housing single storey buildings in very bad condition that will be completely replaced; Prototype 2 addresses a similar pre-existing condition, but with a building still in good shape that can be built upon; Prototype 4 is an empty corner plot with only partial remains of its previous occupant, making it necessary to design the house from scratch; Prototype 5 connects two parallel streets by joining two existing buildings back-to-back, one on each street. Finally Prototype 6 is not a social housing project, but is suggested to take an empty corner plot and addresses the need for a co-working space that promotes small businesses.
Image Courtesy of Iwo Borkowicz
Image Courtesy of Iwo Borkowicz
这些房屋以这样的方式进行设计能够提供必要的结构支撑，包括下水道和天然气这些基础设施也能够完全保持不变。
通过使用非承重的墙体来取代空间的转换，尽可能地使楼板层具有灵活性，以至于居民可以安排酒店房间的不同组合，或者选择扩大他们自己的公寓。
These houses are designed in such a way that the structural support, as well as the sewage or gas infrastructure, can remain entirely unchanged.
Instead the transformation of space takes place by rearranging non-load-bearing walls, allowing for flexible floor plans whenever possible so that residents can arrange different combinations of hotel rooms, or alternatively expand their own apartment.
Image Courtesy of Iwo Borkowicz
“Casa particulars并不是处于某户家庭的酒店或者客房，而是一个折中的方案，对于改变宾客与主人之间相互观察彼此的方式上有重大的意义，”Borkowicz在他研究的小册子中写道。
“游客能够体验更加深入的古巴文化以及古巴人不再感觉像是一个简单的仆人，而是一个以报酬、故事、日常事务和经验换取服务的合作伙伴。双方将都会希望能够有机会互相学习，同时在他们的房间或者公寓中也可以获得充足的私人空间。”
“Casa particulars is not a hotel nor a guest room in somebody’s house but a formula in-between. This significantly changes the way guests and hosts look at each other,” explains Borkowicz in a booklet documenting his research.
“Tourists can experience a more in-depth Cuban culture and Cubans won’t feel like simple servants, but partners in an exchange of services and money - but also an exchange of stories, daily routine, and experiences.
Both parties will hopefully get a chance to... learn from each other, while at the same time having access to a fully private zone in their rooms or flats.”
Image Courtesy of Iwo Borkowicz
这种建筑需要大量的公共空间以供永久和临时居住的居民使用；要比古巴普通的公寓或者AirBnb都要多。
每一个Borkowicz设计的建筑原型都是在尊重场地现存环境的情况下单独设计的，然而所有的五个居住方案都包括一个开放的种植空间，通常是以巨大的内部庭院的形式出现的。
住宅还包括一个开放的厨房和客厅；一个在屋顶的“共享区域”，包括洗衣站和一个城市农业空间；这是一个为居住者提供养鸡、保存蔬菜和药草的区域；以及可以进入到周围社区入口的“延伸”空间。
This kind of architecture requires a lot of common spaces that both permanent and temporary inhabitants can take advantage of; much more than in an ordinary Cuban apartment or AirBnb.
Each of Borkowicz’s prototype buildings is individually designed with respect to the existing situation on the plot, however all five residential plans include an open space with planted areas, often in the form of large inner courtyards.
Also included are an open kitchen and living room; a “collective zone” on the roof, including a laundry station and an urban farming space; a zone for tenants to keep chickens, vegetables and herbs; and an “extension” of the space into the surrounding community around the entrance zone.
Image Courtesy of Iwo Borkowicz
Image Courtesy of Iwo Borkowicz
在他的设计中，Borkowicz优先考虑了自然通风，共同使用宽阔的主要庭院和较小的次要庭院创造穿过房间的穿堂风，而不是直接连接到街道。
开敞空间的面积超过了政府所要求的总面积的15%，并且窗户和庭院由可渗透的太阳能保护，以允许自然风的穿过。
In his designs, Borkowicz prioritizes natural ventilation, using both the main wide courtyard and smaller secondary courtyards to create cross-ventilation through rooms not directly connected to the street.
Open space within the building is above the government’s requirement of 15% of the total area, and the windows and courtyards are protected by permeable solar protection to allow for the passage of wind.
Image Courtesy of Iwo Borkowicz
除了传统的铁艺栏杆，Borkowicz的方案将会支持古巴装饰性瓷砖的生产，这些瓷砖将被运用在屋顶，以反射阳光防止建筑产生过多热量。
Borkowicz设计中更重要的一个选择是维持哈瓦那特征的存在，在其外表面反应出具有古巴文化古典的、色彩明亮的和富有装饰性的建筑，以保持这片地域对游客的吸引力。
颜色的选择没有被指定，使住房相互合作以使每个住房能够个性化，希望能够帮助他们更加强烈地确定这个项目中使用的形状、材质和颜色，这些都形成了丰富多彩的古巴文化。
In addition to the traditional wrought iron railings, Borkowicz’s plan would support the production of Cuban ornamental ceramic tiles, which would be used to cover the roof, reflecting sunlight to prevent overheating.
One of the more important choices in Borkowicz’s design is to maintain the existing characteristics of Havana Vieja, with facades that reflect the classical, brightly colored and decorated buildings of the Cuban culture, preserving the tourist appeal of the area.
No choice of color is specified, leaving the housing cooperative to personalize each house, hopefully helping them to identify more strongly with the project through the use of shapes, materials and colors that are so abundant within the Cuban culture.
通过建筑设计带来社会、文化和经济的支持并不是一件容易完成的任务，形成这种共生的关系源自这样一个项目，这将是一个难以置信又极其美丽的见证。
如果预测泛滥的美国游客会找到更多的毛石建筑或者在哈瓦那无家可归，Borkowicz的提议将不仅仅是可观的而且是极度需要的。
Social, cultural and economic support that can be brought through architectural design is no easy task to accomplish, making the symbiotic relationship that arises from such a project a fantastically beautiful thing to witness.
If the predicted deluge of US tourists is to find much more than rubble and homelessness in Havana Vieja, Borkowicz’s proposal is not only beautiful, but desperately needed.
修正更新：本文最初起源于在1959年介绍的“casas particulares”体系。它实际上是在1997年被介绍的。
Correction update: This article originally stated that the "casas particulares" system was introduced in 1959. It was actually introduced in 1997.
Image Courtesy of Iwo Borkowicz
Image Courtesy of Iwo Borkowicz
Image Courtesy of Iwo Borkowicz
Image Courtesy of Iwo Borkowicz
Image Courtesy of Iwo Borkowicz
出处：本文译自www.archdaily.com/，转载请注明出处。
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