重建智利灾后公园和滨海步道
Mitigation Park and Seaside Promenade designed by ELEMENTAL
由专筑网王雪纯，小R编译
面对自然威胁，用自然来解答。
2010年2月27日，智利遭受了一场里氏8.8级地震和海啸的袭击。多达30万套住房受损，造成500人死亡，孔斯蒂图西翁（Constitución）城市中的遇难者达100人。身体的伤害之后便是社会的动荡，人们因担心基本需求得不到满足，开始洗劫和抢掠商店。警察和军队维持公共秩序，重建迫在眉睫。但显然，如果重建只是仓促行事而没有全盘布局，品质将会大打折扣。
于是，森林公司Arauco委托Elemental建筑事务所，设计一项关于如何重建孔斯蒂图西翁的总体规划。建筑事务所拥有100天的设计时间，从公共建筑到公共空间，从住房到新的交通路线，从重新思考城市的能源矩阵到快速复苏经济的策略规划。其中最关键的是如何保护城市不受未来海啸的侵害，这是在之前智利城市设计中尚未出现过的板块。建筑事务所将其称为PRES孔斯蒂图西翁，即Plan de REconstruccion Sustentable（可持续重建计划）。
Against Geographical Threats, Provide Geographical Answers.
On February 27th 2010, Chile was hit by an 8,8º Richter scale earthquake and tsunami. As many as 300,000 housing units were damaged; 500 people died, 100 of them in Constitución. The physical damage was followed by social unrest: people afraid of not having basic needs satisfied, started sackings and lootings of stores. Police and the military were called to keep the public order. The reconstruction was urgent. But it was also clear that rushing without a plan could compromise the quality of the result.
So, forest company Arauco, called Elemental to deliver a Masterplan for how to rebuild Constitución. We were given 100 days to design from public buildings to public space, from housing to new transportation routes, from rethinking the energy matrix of the city to strategies for fast economic recovery. And mainly, how to protect the city against future tsunamis, something unheard in Chilean urban design. We called it PRES Constitución, which stands for Plan de REconstruccion Sustentable (Sustainable Reconstruction Plan).
如此庞大的城市规划必须将居民的想法考虑进去。因此，建筑事务所拿出了一个参与式设计过程，以便引导设计的形态。参与式设计并非是一场充满想象的事，事实上，它甚至也不是去询问一个社区对问题有什么办法，而是要精确地识别正确的问题是什么。如果问题就不对，那么答案再优秀也没有本质作用，真正的问题是如何保护城市免受未来海啸的侵害。当时还有一些备选的方案。
备选方案一：禁止在受灾最严重的区域进行建设。花费3000万美元进行土地征用。
备选方案二：建造一堵大墙，依赖其沉重的基础设施来抵挡海浪的能量。大型建筑公司很中意这个方案，因为这意味着4200万美元的合同，并且也是政治上的首选，因为它不需要土地征用。
但由于建筑事务所选择了过程参与，他们询问公众：还有什么困扰着你们？这座城市马上要从头开始重新规划，你们还有什么问题希望现在就解决？公众的回答是：保护城市免受未来海啸的侵害固然好，我们真心感激，但下一次海啸可能要20年后才来。然而，每年我们都会因为雨水而遇到洪水问题。另外，我们处于国家的森林地区中部，我们的公共空间很糟糕，而且太少了。城市的起源、我们的身份，并未真正与倒塌的建筑相连，而是与河流相连，但河流的岸边却是私人所有，无法公开进入。
于是，建筑事务所认为必须提出第三个方案：针对自然威胁，用自然来解答。如果在城市和海之间，拥有一片森林会如何？一片不试图抵抗自然能量，而是通过增加摩擦来消散能量的森林。一片可能能够层压水流并防止洪水的森林，可以偿还公共空间的历史欠债，并最终提供民主化的河流通道。
Such a huge level of potential transformation of the city had to include its citizens. So, we started a participatory design process in order to inform the form of the designs. Participatory design is not a hippie, romantic, let’s-all-dream-together-about-the-future-of-the-city kind of thing. It is actually not even asking a community what they think is a right answer to their problem. It is mainly trying to identify with precision what is the right question. There is nothing worse than answering well the wrong question. And the question here was how to protect the city against future tsunamis. There were some alternatives floating in the air.
The first one: Forbid installation on ground zero. 30 million dollars spent mainly in land expropriation.
Second alternative: build a big wall, heavy infrastructure to resist the energy of the waves. Big building companies conveniently lobbied this alternative, because it meant 42 million dollars in contracts, and was also politically preferred, because it required no land expropriation.
But given we opted for a participatory process; we asked the people: What else is bothering you? What other problems do you have, and you want us to take care of now that the city will have to be rethought from scratch? And what they said was: look, it’s fine to protect the city against future tsunamis, we really appreciate, but the next one is going to come in, what, 20 years? But every single year, we have problems of flooding due to rain. In addition, we are in the middle of the forest region of the country, and our public space sucks. It’s poor and it’s scarce. And the origin of the city, our identity, is not really connected to the buildings that fell, it is connected to the river, but the river cannot be accessed publicly, because its shores are privately owned.
So, we thought that we had to produce a third alternative: Against geographical threats, provide geographical answers. What if, between the city and the sea, we have a forest? A forest that doesn’t try to resist the energy of nature but dissipates it by introducing friction. A forest that may be able to laminate the water and prevent the flooding, that may pay the historical debt of public space and that may provide, finally, democratic access to the river.
这个方案在政治上和社会上都得到了认可，但仍然存在成本问题：4800万美元。建筑事务所在公共投资体系中进行了一项调查，发现有三个部门在完全相同的地方有三个项目，彼此不知道对方项目的存在。它们的总和：5200万美元。所以，设计方案更有效地利用城市中最稀缺的资源，那不是金钱，而是协调。通过这样做能够节省400万美元，这就是今天森林正在建设的原因。
The alternative was validated politically and socially, but there was still the problem of the cost: 48 million dollars. So, we did a survey in the public investment system, and found out that there were three ministries with three projects in the exact same place, not knowing of the existence of the other projects. The sum of them: 52 million dollars. So, design’s power of synthesis is trying to make a more efficient use of the scarcest resource in cities, which is not money but coordination. By doing so, we were able to save four million dollars, and that is why the forest is today under construction.
项目信息
建筑事务所： ELEMENTAL | Alejandro Aravena, Gonzalo Arteaga, Juan Cerda, Diego Torres, Víctor Oddó
设计团队：Felipe Arrue, Matías Magnelli, Claudio Tapia
项目地点：智利
项目类型：社会参与 / 防洪防涝系统 / 林地 / 瞭望台 / 公园
客户：市政府 | Arauco森林公司 | 住房和城乡规划部
场地面积：16公顷公园| 长4.5km的步道
项目时间：2010-2012
建造时间：2023（建造中）
图片来源：@Felipe Diaz Contardo, @ELEMENTAL
Project Data
Architect: ELEMENTAL | Alejandro Aravena, Gonzalo Arteaga, Juan Cerda, Diego Torres, Víctor Oddó
Design Team: Felipe Arrue, Matías Magnelli, Claudio Tapia
Location: Chile
Type: Community Participation / Flood Resilience / Forest / Look-outs / Parks
Client: Municipality of Constitución | Arauco Forest Company | Ministry of Housing and Urbanism
Location: Constitución, CHILE
Length: 16.0-hectare park | 4.5 km length promenade
Project: 2010-2012
Built: 2023 (under construction)
Photo Credits: @Felipe Diaz Contardo, @ELEMENTAL
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