水晶大教堂

建筑师：菲利普・约翰逊（Philip Johnson）
地点：美国加利福尼亚洛杉矶市南面的橙县（Orange County)
年份：1980年竣工

       水晶大教堂被设计为多功能教会剧场，设有电视演播室和能容纳3000名观众的舞台。这个项目坐落于加州洛杉矶，由罗伯特舒勒设计。为配合罗伯特舒勒的设计要求，菲利普约翰逊和约翰博基设计了玻璃外壳，这样教会“周围的天空是开放”的。

       该建筑立面是由1万块镶嵌在钢桁架上的玻璃板构成。窗格是由单层玻璃通过硅胶结构固定而成，尽量减少了由接缝带来的视觉障碍。约翰逊和博基设计的角度和星型单色材质的排布为整体带来了动感活力。这座铁塔也是由约翰逊设计的，并与1990年落成。它坐落于34英亩的校园内与大教堂垂直对应相望。

       这个独栋建筑位于400*200的场地空间内。这个设计对于传统拉丁十字架的平面进行了修改，缩短了殿堂的长度，扩大了翼部宽度，以保证每个座位能尽可能靠近圣坛。为表示对洛杉矶汽车文化的尊重，停车场被设计为免下车停车场，可以通过车载音响接收教堂内的布道。圣坛旁90英尺高的门直接通向停车场，保证通风的同时为所有与会者提供了一个视觉上的联系。

       约翰逊将该项目描述成“一个没有装饰的独立建筑”，入口简单，玻璃表面被切割成小方形，更突出其功能性。访客从下方的不透明的混凝土阳台进入到半透明的中央空间。整个内部空间给人高耸挺拔的感觉，130英尺的天花板。除了透明玻璃以外，白钢的网格形成了一个连续的墙壁和天花板。乍一看，三角形的看台仿佛悬浮于钢网架中，但实际是由一定数量的支撑点来支持。

       与周围环境的融合无疑是建筑最重要的设计。镜面玻璃仅吸收百分之八的光和百分之十的太阳能进入空间中。排除手动机械控制窗的操作因素，这将有益于整体通风系统。当窗户闭合后，可开启的窗与玻璃幕墙没有明显的区别，保持了外墙立面的连续性。当这些窗户开启后，他们就像是投射在原本光滑表面的玻璃鳃。

       由Reverend Schuller领导的水晶大教堂，由于5000万美元的债务，在2010年申请破产。随后，罗马天主教取得其所有权并于次年将其改名为“基督大教堂”。于是，约翰逊欣然接受教堂内部改造，以适应天主教堂的风格。园区由Rios Clementi Hale工作室重新主导设计包括思维可能性国际中心和园林社区教堂中心。前者由Rios Clementi Hale Studios于2002年完成，后者由Richard Neutra设计的，在1961年作为Schuller圣会的第一个正式的家，目前正在恢复Neutra的最初设计构想。

---完---

特别鸣谢专筑小编 落落 提供的原创文章，版权归专筑网和小编所有，转载请注明出处。


Crystal Cathedral

Crystal Cathedral was designed as a religious theater of sorts,acting as both television studio and stage to a congregation of 3,000. It wascommissioned by renowned televangelist Robert Schuller and completed in 1980near Los Angeles, California. Philip Johnson  and John Burgee  devised the glass enclosure in response to Schuller’s requestthat the church be open to the “sky and the surrounding world.”
The facade is composed of more than 10,000 glass panels affixed to a framework ofsteel trusses. The panes are single-glazed and held in place by structuralsilicone, reducing the visual prominence of the joints. Johnson and Burgeedeveloped the angular, star-shaped plan to enliven the monolithic,monochromatic volume. The steel tower was also designed by Johnson andcompleted in 1990. It is visible across the 34-acre campus and serves as avertical counterpart to the Cathedral.
The single, gigantic space measures 400 feet by 200 feet in length and width. Thedesign is a modification of the typical Latin cross plan, with a shortened naveand widened transept, to bring each seat closer to the chancel. In a nod to LosAngeles car culture, the parking lot was designed for a drive-in congregationto listen to the sermon via car stereo. 90-foot-high doors beside the chancelopen onto the parking lot, providing ventilation and a visual connectionbetween attendees.
Johnson described the project as “an independent building without setting.” Theentrances—simple, rectangular breaks in the glass skin—are derived fromfunction rather than context. Visitors pass beneath the opaque, concrete balconiesto enter the translucent central space. The entire interior is visible beneaththe soaring, 130-foot-high ceiling. The lattice of white steel forms acontinuous membrane of walls and ceiling, enclosed by the transparent glassbeyond. At first glance, the triangular balconies appear to rest within thesteel frame, but are supported by massive columns at each vertex.
The building’s environmental mediation is arguably its greatest architectural feat. The mirrored glass transmits only eight percent light and ten percent total solar energy into the space. This allows for an entirely passive ventilation system, aside from the mechanical controls used to operate the windows. While closed, the operable windows are indistinguishable from fixed panes, preserving the continuity of the glass facade. Opened, they project like glass gills from the otherwise smooth surface.
         
---End---

特别鸣谢专筑小编 落落 提供的原创文章，版权归专筑网和小编所有，转载请注明出处。