Image © Erik-Jan Ouwerkerk
How Does Francis Kéré use Materials to Respond to Local Climate Conditions?
由专筑网Zia，小R编译
粘土墙有很高的热惯性，这意味着它们可以作为气候缓冲器，在热量从外部流向内部时产生热延迟，在白天吸收热量，在夜间释放热量。这种材料特别适用于炎热和干燥的气候，例如甘多，Francis Kéré在那里建造了他的第一所学校。在国外学习多年后，Kéré回到家乡，打算使用当地人历史上使用的材料建造这所学校，正如他在演讲中所说，很多人在一开始都认为这很奇怪。尽管最初有偏见，但正是当地的材料和技术与Kéré的知识相结合，最终使该项目获得了成功。
在布基纳法索这样的极端气候下，如果不借助电气设备提供热舒适度，就需要一些非常周密的被动策略。首先，提供充足的自然通风是至关重要的。在甘多小学和随后的扩建项目中，所有教室的两端都有开口，产生了交叉通风。另外，通过在天花板上的开口，热而轻的空气上升，形成空气流动，使房间冷却。而通过墙壁和金属屋顶之间的自由空间，减少了金属瓦片的热量，让空气从内部循环到外部，为儿童创造了舒适的学习环境。因此，这些覆盖物不仅能保护建筑物免受阳光照射，还能避免偶尔的大雨，从而保护材料不受天气影响。除了美学和性能之外，选择金属瓦片是因为它们可以方便地在当地买到，包括支撑它们的钢筋结构，而这是Kéré无论走到哪里都会遵循的设计原则。
Clay walls have a high thermal inertia. This means that they act as a climate buffer that creates a thermal delay in the flow of heat from the outside to the inside, absorbing it during the day and releasing it overnight. The material is especially suitable for hot and dry climates, such as that of Gando, where Francis Kéré built his first school. After years of studying abroad, Kéré returned to his home community with the intention of building this school with the same materials historically used by locals, which many originally viewed as strange, as he said in this lecture. Despite the initial prejudice, it was the combination of local materials and techniques with Kéré’s acquired knowledge that ultimately gave strength to the project.
Providing thermal comfort without the help of electrical devices in an extreme climate like Burkina Faso requires some very well thought-out passive strategies. First, it is essential to provide abundant natural ventilation. In the case of the Primary School and its subsequent expansion in Gando, all classrooms have openings at both ends, generating cross ventilation. Also, by creating small openings in the ceilings, the warm, lighter air rises, creating an air flow that cools the room. And through a free space between the walls and the metallic roof, heat from the metallic tiles is reduced and air circulates from the inside to the outside, creating a comfortable environment for children to learn. Therefore, these coverings not only protect the building from the sun, but also from occasional heavy rain, hence protecting the materials from the weather. Beyond aesthetics and performance, the metallic tiles were chosen because they are available locally – as well as the rebar structure that sustains them –, a guiding principle that characterizes Kéré's work wherever he goes.
Image Courtesy of Kéré Architecture
除了甘多小学，Kéré的大多数项目都以巧妙和创新的方式使用当地材料，以应对西非地区特有的热环境、雨水和其他气候条件。因此，为了更深入地了解他的建筑是如何充分适应其环境的，下面我们根据其对传统材料和建筑技术的使用来分析他的一些知名项目。
Apart from Gando Primary School, most of Kéré’s projects use local materials in smart and innovative ways to respond to heat, rainwater, and other climatic conditions unique to West African communities. Therefore, to get a greater insight on how his architecture adequately adapts to its context, below we analyze some other notable projects according to their use of traditional materials and constructive techniques.
中空和顶光
甘多小学图书馆，甘多，布基纳法索
Intermediate spaces and skylights
Gando Primary School Library. Gando, Burkina Faso
Image Courtesy of Kéré Architecture
与Kéré的许多建筑一样，该项目也注重优先考虑舒适性，力求创造一个平静、开放的图书馆空间，让学生可以学习和放松。考虑到这一点，在布基纳法索通常被用作木柴的桉树木被有节奏地用于外墙，创造了一个中间的遮阳空间，以避免空间被阳光直射。为了适应气候条件，屋顶还整合了一项技术创新：由村里妇女手工制作的传统粘土罐被镶嵌在混凝土结构中，以确保自然光照和通风。通过这种方式，Kéré成功地利用了特有的文化产品，将其转变为非常实用的建筑元素，不仅能够过滤光线，产生被动的空气循环，还创造出一种富有特色和美学的感官体验。
Like many of Kéré’s buildings, this case focused on prioritizing comfort, seeking to create a calm and open library space where students can learn and relax. With that in mind, eucalyptus wood – commonly used in Burkina Faso as a firewood material – was utilized rhythmically in the facade, creating an intermediate shaded space protected from the sun. Also responding to climate conditions, the roof construction integrates a technical innovation: traditional clay pots, handmade by women from the village, were set in the concrete structure to ensure natural illumination and ventilation. In this way, Kéré manages to take advantage of this characteristic cultural object, transforming it into an extremely practical construction element capable of filtering light, generating passive air circulation and creating a beautiful sensory experience.
模块化和朴素的色彩
Léo 医生住房，Léo，布基纳法索
Modularity and earthy colors
Léo Doctor's Housing. Léo, Burkina Faso
Image © Jaime Herraiz
为了提供一个愉快和安全的环境来促进医学专家之间的知识交流，这个住房项目采用了模块化系统。该建筑是由当地采购的混凝土块和压缩稳定土块（CEB）组成的双层墙体，除了提供结构的完整性，双层墙体还提升了热质量，使室内在白天保持凉爽。为了防止天气条件使建筑退化，其外墙还覆盖了一层彩色石膏。由CEB制成的室内天花板被设计成一个单一的拱顶，两端留有日光和被动通风的措施。此外，波纹金属板的屋顶被安置于在天花板上方，保护建筑不受过度热量的影响，同时也为用户遮挡雨水和阳光。而关于降雨，倾斜的屋顶可以将水引入现场的水库，然后用于灌溉。
With the aim of providing a pleasant and secure environment to promote knowledge exchange between medical specialists, this accommodation project follows a modular system. The building is formed by a double-layer wall made of locally-sourced concrete blocks and compressed stabilized earth blocks (CEB). Besides providing structural integrity, the dual layers increase thermal mass, keeping the interiors cool during the day. To protect against degradation associated with weather conditions, a coating of colored plaster covers the exterior walls. Made of CEB, the interior ceiling is designed as a singular vault with the ends left open for daylight and passive ventilation purposes. In addition, a roof of corrugated metal sheeting is placed above the ceiling, protecting the building from excessive heat and, at the same time, sheltering users from rain and sun. Regarding rainfall, the sloped roof directs water into an onsite reservoir, which is then used for irrigation.
过滤的光线和凉爽的微风
SKF-RTL儿童学习中心，Nyang'oma Kogelo，肯尼亚
Filtered light and cool breeze
SKF-RTL Children Learning Centre. Nyang’oma Kogelo, Kenya
Image © Iwan Baan
作为一个教育设施，这个项目的墙壁是由现场制作的压缩土砖制成的，这些土砖被巧妙地铺设在建筑的平滑曲面上，被竹木板的开口打断，竹木板作为天然的格栅，过滤了光线和凉爽的风。与空间的流动形式形成对比的是，一个高高的钢制蝴蝶屋顶提供了遮阳，同时让空气在整个结构中循环，雨水可以在中间被收集。因此，该建筑创造了一个舒适的内部气候，是教育活动的理想场所。
Serving as an educational facility, the walls in this project are made out of compressed earth bricks made on-site, which are delicately laid out to follow the building’s smooth curved surfaces. These are interrupted by openings covered with bamboo log panels that – acting as natural lattices – allow the passage of filtered light and a cool breeze into the space. Contrasting the flowing forms of the space, an elevated steel butterfly roof provides abundant shade while letting air circulate throughout the structure and rainwater to be collected in the middle. As a result, this creates a pleasant inner climate that is ideal for educational activities.
通过良好的性能重新定义本地材料
Noomdo孤儿院，Koudougou，布基纳法索
Redefining a local material through good performance
Noomdo Orphanage. Koudougou, Burkina Faso
Image © Iwan Baan
受附近住宅区的启发，该孤儿院由一系列围绕中央庭院的群落组成。室外的地板和墙壁由当地的红土石制成，据Kéré说，红土石曾经被当地人视为“穷人的材料”，并不受欢迎。然而，像这样的项目有助于克服陈旧的观念，并展示这种材料在正确的建筑技术下的可能性。提取红土后，它可以很容易地被塑造成深红色的砖块，然后在阳光下变硬。这种材料能够吸收白天大量热量，并在夜间辐射热量，是一种优秀的蓄热材料。此外，每扇窗户都是为了应对各种气候挑战而设计的。例如，通过通风口，新鲜空气可以直接流向内部。同时，由桶形拱顶和架在钢桁架上的顶棚组成的双层屋顶，使热空气可以顺利地向上排出。
Inspired by nearby residential compounds, the orphanage is organized by a series of clusters surrounding a central courtyard. The outdoor flooring and walls are made of locally sourced laterite stone, which, according to Kéré himself, used to be rejected by the local population by being viewed as “a poor people’s material.” Projects like these, however, served to overcome the stereotype and demonstrate the material’s possibilities with the right construction techniques. After extracting it from the earth, laterite can be easily shaped into deep red bricks, which later harden when left in the sun. With a good capacity to absorb the heavy daytime heat and radiate it at night, the material is an excellent source of thermal mass. Furthermore, each window is designed to respond to various climatic challenges. For example, by including an air vent, fresh air can flow directly towards the inside. Simultaneously, a double-skin roof – composed of a barrel vault with a canopy elevated on steel trusses – allows hot air to escape upwards.
Image © Erik-Jan Ouwerkerk
使用当地材料和传统建造方法有巨大的优势，它们价格低廉，容易获得，并且在环境上可持续。它们还能刺激当地经济，加强文化认同，并且这些易于传授的技能可以增强整个社区的实践能力。通过使用这些材料，准确地应对气候条件，这是Kéré的项目能够确保舒适、安全和高质量的原因，这对于改善那些以前没有电或清洁饮用水不足地区的生活质量至关重要。在这个意义上，通过对环境的天气和资源的深刻理解，也正如普利兹克奖评委会所说，Kéré的建筑“与它们所处的土地以及生活在其中的人们联系在一起”。
The great advantage of working with local materials and traditional constructive methods is that they are inexpensive, easily accessible and environmentally sustainable. They also stimulate the local economy, strengthen cultural identity and involve skills that are easy to teach, empowering entire communities. And by using these materials in a way that accurately responds to climate conditions, Kéré’s projects are able to ensure comfort, security and high quality architecture, which is key to improve quality of life in underserved areas that previously had no access to electricity or clean drinking water. In this sense, through a deep understanding of the context’s weather and resources, Kére’s buildings are “tied to the ground on which they sit and to the people who sit within them”, as stated by the Pritzker Prize jury.
Image © Erik-Jan Ouwerkerk
Image © Erik-Jan Ouwerkerk
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