Image © Hiroyuki Oki

循环经济：以生物区域为基础的设计
Circular Economy: Designing for Bioregions

由专筑网Zia，小R编译

城市是由自然系统和城市基础设施相互交织的复杂生态环境。环境恶化使人们注意到人造和自然系统之间的共生关系，一个新的经济体系正在出现，其中相互依存和环境管理得到了重视。循环经济的设计需要考虑人类的栖息地，这个栖息地不仅是城镇或城市，同时也是生物区域。

在建筑环境方面，循环经济模式鼓励可重复使用的部件、可再生的能源和耐用的建筑。循环建筑必须很好地融入其周围的环境，以便与自然和谐共生。设计师必须研究建筑场地的环境和背景，以确定新建筑如何为现有的生态环境作出贡献。所需要的是对场地的生物区域的理解——一个由自然环境特征而不是人为划分所定义的区域。

Cities are complex ecologies of intersecting natural systems and urban infrastructure. Environmental degradation has brought attention to the asymbiotic relationship between man-made and natural systems. A new economy is emerging where interdependence and environmental stewardship are valued. Designing for a circular economy requires consideration of human habitats not as towns or cities, but as bioregions.
In relation to the built environment, the circular economy model encourages reusable components, regenerative energy sources, and durable buildings. Circular architecture must be well integrated into its surroundings in order to give and take in conjunction with nature. Designers must study the location and context of a building site to ascertain how the new construction can contribute to the existing ecology. What is required is an understanding of the site’s bioregion - an area defined by characteristics of the natural environment rather than by man-made divisions.


Image © Karl Burkart, One Earth

什么是生物区域？

如果世界地图是为了勾勒出不同的生态和地貌，它将突出地球上存在的巨大数量的生物区域。一个生物区是由其地理区域内出现的独特的自然特征来定义的，如气候、地貌、流域、土壤、本地植物和动物以及其他特征，以及与自然系统可持续互动的人类活动。

地球上有800多个生态区。每一个都需要以环境友好的姿态去处理。循环建筑的设计应与其生物区域的循环功能相协调——分享能源和资源，并最终自然地消解。城市地区必须被重新认识，它们应当在地球的生物圈中承担负责任的位置。

What is a Bioregion?
If the map of the world had been drawn to outline diverse ecologies and landforms, it would highlight the colossal number of bioregions existing on earth. A bioregion is defined by its unique natural characteristics that occur in its geographical areas such as climate, landforms, watersheds, soils, native plants and animals, and other features. They also include human activities that sustainably interact with natural systems.
The earth is home to over 800 ecoregions. Each one requires different ways of inhabiting it in an environment-friendly manner. Circular buildings should be designed in harmony with the cyclical functions of its bioregion - sharing energy, and resources, and eventually healthily decaying into the region. Urban areas must be reconceived so that they can assume a responsible position in the Earth’s biosphere.


Image Courtesy of URB

生物区域建筑

能够与生物区域互动和融合的建筑将以循环方式分享资源和能源。在一个地区，建筑物可以以多种方式表现出循环性。这些建筑主要由对生态敏感的生物降解材料组成，在其寿命结束后可以分解到土壤中。生物材料也能够过滤大气中的空气，并产生能量供建筑及其附近地区使用。城市农场是另一种区域性干预措施，为其社区做出贡献，阻止资源生产和消费的循环。

建筑和城市设计中的生物区域主义要求采取一种方法，深入理解超越其政治边界的本土技术。与其在整个国家复制传统的建筑形式，不如以类似的生物区域为原型，更好地适应该地区的地理特征。

Bioregional Architecture
Architecture that interacts and integrates with its bioregion is capable of sharing resources and energy in a circular manner. In a region. Buildings can exhibit circularity in multiple ways. Structures composed primarily of ecology-sensitive biodegradable materials can decompose into the soil at the end of their life. Biomaterials are also capable of filtering the air in the atmosphere and generating energy for the building and its neighborhood to use. Urban farms are another regionally receptive intervention that contributes to its community, closing the loop of resource production and consumption.
Bioregionalism in architecture and urban design demands an approach that deeply understands vernacular techniques beyond their political boundaries. Rather than replicating traditional built forms across an entire country, examples from similar bioregions can be prototyped to better suit the area’s geographic features.


Image Courtesy of Chris 73

重新定位的城市

几代人以来，建筑师和城市规划师都把他们的努力集中在设想城市的"绿色"模式上。为了规划、设计和建设人类社区的生物区域可持续性，在人类活动的同时保护自然系统是必须的。城市在生活中的所有基本功能和活动都与自然系统联系在一起。

通过整合自然系统对城市地区进行改造，同时促进社区的积极参与，可以加深人类与环境的联系。建筑法规将要求建筑方面对此做出回应，用更多的被动系统代替机械系统。纳入生态设计的政策、计划和方案应当积极影响城市的物理环境和形式。

Relocalizing Cities
For generations, architects and urban planners have focused their efforts on envisioning a “green” model of the city. In order to plan, design, and build human communities for bioregional sustainability, the preservation of natural systems in parallel with human activities is imperative. Cities must be seen as entangled with natural systems in all of the basic functions and activities of urban life.
Retrofitting urban areas through the integration of natural systems, while fostering active community engagement can deepen human-environment connections. Building codes would require architectural responses that substitute mechanical systems with more passive systems. Policies, plans, and programs that incorporate ecological design must influence the physical environment and form of the city.


Image © WarkaWater, via CicloVivo

生物区通过共享空间和资源将人类容纳在生物系统内。它承认，人类栖息地不仅仅是摩天大楼和林荫大道，它们也是水系、纤维和食物系统的延伸。生物是城市和自然系统之间的关系，也是生物区域的组成部分。为了将我们的城市重组为生态响应中心，必须结合多学科的观点，以满足社区和生物区域的整体需求。

A bioregion anchors humans within living systems through shared space and resources. It acknowledges that human habitats are more than skyscrapers and boulevards. They are extensions of watersheds, foodsheds, fiber sheds, and food systems. Living beings are what forge relationships between the city and natural systems, and are integral parts of a bioregion. To restructure our cities as ecologically responsive centers, multidisciplinary perspectives must come together to address the holistic needs of the community and bioregion.


Image © Maja Wirkus