在灰烬中，Thomas Paturet
On Ashes, Thomas Paturet

由专筑网张舒航，杨帆编译

2015BCV大赛
2015BestOf建筑设计大赛

Prix BCV 2015
Prix BestOf Architecture 2015

殡仪馆

“明日，破晓时分，当田野微明，我就启程。你瞧，我知道你在等我。[...]到达时，我将在你的墓旁，放一束翠绿的冬青和一把盛开的欧石楠。”

- 明日，破晓时分。维克多·雨果（Victor Hugo）

FUNERAL COMPLEX
"Demain, dès l’aube, à l’heure où blanchit la campagne, je partirai. Vois-tu, je sais que tu m’attends. […] Et quand j’arriverai, je mettrai sur ta tombe Un bouquet de houx vert et de bruyère en fleur."
— Demain, Dès l'aube, Victor Hugo

殡葬业是一个谨慎的行业，是一个经常被遗忘或者故意忽视的行业。把尸体烧成灰烬，是最普遍的殡葬方法之一。在这个世界上经常遇到的一个问题就是缺少土地，墓穴受到城市扩张的压力而越来越少，火化为我们提供了一个灵活和有效的选择。在欧洲，这一趋势带来了无数的殡仪馆更新建设项目。殡葬业不同于那些讲求收益、利润或董事会会议的行业。这个行业的转化并不复杂。建筑设计是这个过程中重要的组成部分。它通常由国家资助，有较低的价格保障和高质量的服务。目前，冰岛仅有一座火葬场，而且它和该国绝大多数的基础设施一样，位于雷克雅未克。随着人口不断增长，国民对这种基础设施的需求也日益增加，冰岛需要找到替代的解决方案。乍一看，新项目的建设地点应该选在雷克雅未克，但经过仔细分析，似乎并不是这样：大多数的人口增长集中在冰岛的南部地区，那里与首都有很好的联系，并且有最有利的天气条件。这些地区的居民将很快需要一座新的殡葬基础设施。

The death care industry is one of discretion. Often forgotten or purposely ignored as an industry. Cremation—the act of burning a corpse to ashes—is one of the most popular funerary methods. In a world where lack of space is often an issue, and cemeteries feel increasingly pressured by urban expansion, cremation offers a flexible and concrete alternative. In Europe, this trend has given rise to countless architecture projects that seek to update and modernize the industry. The death care industry is not an industry of profits, margins or board-meetings. It is an industry of simple transformation. Surrounded with respect and guidance, architectural design is a crucial part of the process. It is often financed by the state, interested in securing low prices and high quality care. Today, Iceland is equipped with only one crematorium. Like a vast majority of the country’s infrastructure, it is located in Reykjavík. With a growing population, and thus an increasing need for such infrastructures, Iceland will need to find alternative solutions. At first glance, the obvious location would indeed be Reykjavík, but after closer analysis, the general trend seems to tell a different story: most of the demographic growth is concentrated in the southern regions of Iceland, where there are good connections with the capital and the most favourable weather conditions. These regions and their inhabitants will soon need access to new death care infrastructure.

该项目位于冰岛最南端的Dyrhólaey岛。这个特殊的建筑场地具有冰岛独特的地质条件：土地全部是坚实的黑色玄武岩，这种岩石是由火山喷发和多年冰川运动造成的。这个岛本身就有转型的象征意味。这里气候温和，岛屿容易到达，毗邻南部的主要城市中心——维克市。该区域在一年的绝大多数时间内都是开放的，但是在春天会关闭几个月，防止干扰鸟群建巢。人类的介入使岛上的资源日益紧张。通过在没有巢穴的特定地点建造殡仪馆，我们可以控制进入岛屿的人流和访问的路线。设计的殡仪馆包括火葬场、礼拜堂、墓地和温室（为殡葬的各种活动提供花卉）。如上所述，该岛是一个自然保护区，车辆完全不能进入，只能步行。访客必须将车停放在岛的入口处，那里将建造一个游客中心，并提供关于岛上生态系统和地质等方面的信息。春季一段时间内，这个岛上的鸟类将不会受到任何人类活动的影响。在岛前几公里处建造了一条新的道路，以便将车辆从主要旅游道路上转移出去。这条平行于一个小湖的道路通向建筑物的脚下，电梯将游客和用户直接带到建筑物的顶部。访问该岛的游客无法进入建筑，只能看到其外观的一小部分，但这并不妨碍他们欣赏远处的冰川。建筑本身对游客及野生动物没有任何不良影响。

The chosen site for this project is the island of Dyrhólaey, located at the southernmost point of Iceland. Besides its island condition, this quite particular site contains all the geological elements that characterize Iceland: its soil is made out of solid, black basalt rock, a material that was pushed out of the earth by volcanic eruptions and forged by years of glacial formations and movement. In itself, this island is already an emblem of transformation. Weather conditions are mild and the island is easily accessible, neighbouring one of the main urban centres of the south, Vík. It is publicly accessible for a vast majority of the year, but becomes closed off for a couple of months in the spring due to birds nesting onsite. Human access is a major issue currently straining the island’s resources. By establishing a funeral complex there, on a specific location where there are no nests, we can control access to the island and limit visits to designated footpaths. The projected funeral complex includes a crematorium, a ceremony chapel, a cemetery and greenhouses (in order to provide flowers for the crematorium’s diverse activities). As stated above, the island, a natural reserve, is now entirely closed to vehicles and can only be accessed by foot. The tourists will have to park at the entrance of the island, where a visitor centre will be built in order to provide information on the island’s ecosystem and geology. The bird population inhabiting the island in springtime will be free from any tourism activities during this period. A new road is created a few kilometres ahead of the island in order to divert the traffic away from the main touristic road. This road, parallel to a small lake, leads to the foot of the building, where an elevator takes visitors and users directly to the top of the complex. Tourists who visit the island have no access to the complex and can only see a small portion of its façade, with an unconcealed view towards the glacier beyond. The complex itself has no impact on the existent tourist or wildlife attractions.

该项目最引人注目的地方是96.57米的高塔，这是建筑的核心功能空间和枢纽空间。垂直的流线系统能够有效地分配空间。里面有一个专门服务公众的电梯，最多可容纳30人。公众可以进入最后两层，殡仪室和管理/接待处都在那里。殡仪室全天候开放（每天24小时，每周七天），独立于建筑的其他部分（有自己的通道进入墓地）。工作人员可以使用两个独立的专用电梯，每个电梯可容纳两个棺椁。建筑内没有走廊，但是交通是高效的，并且不同部门之间的距离保持到最小。在建筑物的正面，有一个主楼梯：它使人们在从仪式或墓地回来的时候，能拥有一个平静的下降空间，眺望海洋和冰川。复合体嵌在悬崖上，主体结构与悬崖之间的距离仅为1.20米。这样就可以创造一个维护通道和自然通风系统。该地点在三个不同层次上被挖掘，然后将混凝土板放在裸露的玄武岩岩石的顶部。悬崖的其余部分裸露着，可以从建筑内凝视。该结构由堆叠的T形预制混凝土柱构成。这些柱子之间的墙壁是由挖掘过程中产生的黑色玄武岩岩石组成的。建筑结构随着高度的增加而变薄，上层立柱仅为10厘米厚。该建筑长252.1米，宽10米。它的设计让人们想起大教堂，其特征在于强大而富有影响力的空间，对周围的视野的控制更好地突出了建筑内部的空间。

The project is characterized by a 96.57 metre high tower that contains all the core necessities of the complex. It also holds the main circulation structure. The vertical circulation enables an efficient distribution of the different spaces. Public users benefit from a dedicated elevator, which can hold up to 30 people. The public has access to the last two floors, where the funeral parlour and the administration/reception spaces are. The funeral parlour is open around the clock (24 hours, seven days a week) and can work independently from the rest of the complex (having its own access to the cemetery). The staff has access to two independent and dedicated elevators that can hold up to two coffins each. There are no hallways in the complex. The circulation is efficient and the distance always minimal between the different sectors. On the front side of the building, one can see the main staircase: it enables people coming back from the ceremony or the cemetery to use a more peaceful descent space that benefits from a view towards the sea and the glacier. The complex is nested within the cliff. There is a distance of 1.20 metres between the structure and the cliff. This enables the creation of maintenance paths and a natural ventilation system for the inner spaces. The site is thus excavated at three different levels and concrete slabs are then placed on top of the bare basalt rock. The rest of the cliff is left exposed and can be contemplated from the complex. The structure is composed of T-shaped prefabricated concrete pillars stacked on top of each other. The wall filling between these pillars is made up of black basalt rock panels gathered onsite during the excavations. The structure gets thinner with height, with the upper level pillars being 10 centimetres thick. The complex is 252.1 metres long and 10 metres wide. It is purposely designed to remind one of a cathedral, characterized by powerful spaces where the view on the surroundings is controlled and limited to give prominence to the inner spaces.

洛桑联邦理工学院

Thomas Paturet

硕士一年级第二学期课程
监督人：Harry Gugger - Lukas Lenherr
模型摄影：Florian Amoser
书籍摄影：Douglas Mandry

école Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Thomas Paturet
Master I Semester II Project
Groupe de suivi : Harry Gugger - Lukas Lenherr
Model photography : Florian Amoser
Book photography : Douglas Mandry


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