众多读者认为，建筑师应当离开办公桌来到场地上进行实地调研
Architects Urgently Need to Leave Their Desks to Work More on Site, According to Our Readers

由专筑网李韧，杨帆编译

建筑师是否足够了解施工过程与材料性能？

这个问题在我们的网站上引起了读者的激烈讨论，其中来自英语或西班牙语的回答数量最多。

我们阅读并收集了所有评论之后，发现大多数的读者都认同这个观点，许多建筑师对于材料和建筑的施工过程并不是很了解。绝大多数的建筑师在毕业后几年通过实地调查才逐渐了解关于这方面的知识。因此，我们不禁发问：既然建筑材料与施工常识对我们的专业发展如此重要，那么为什么它在大学课程中并没有被特别重视？

然而，我们的一些读者也反对这一观点，他们认为建筑师没有必要了解一切，他们应该将更多的时间精力用在设计上，设计思路不应该受构建过程的约束。他们把论点建立在专家的基础上，这种观点认为，在任何必要的时候，我们都应该在不同学科之间通过凝聚力与协作精神共同合作，而非建筑师包揽全部的设计施工过程。

小编为大家挑选了一些优秀评论，从中可以了解一下大家的想法，也可以在下方发表你自己的评论。

观点1：技术知识需要从实际项目中了解与学习，只掌握理论知识远远不够。

来自Lucas Downes的评论：

“作为一名堪萨斯州立大学的研究生，我发现自己所受到的教育对于‘真实建筑行业’来说远远不够。我们总是用自己天马行空的设计思路来为客户提供解决方案，这些想法常常需要天价的预算。

但是除了一些建筑课程和在第四年的实习经历，我们并没有参与足够的实际项目的经验，在实习过程中，我学到了许多在学校里学不到的知识，我认为实习对于一个建筑学生来说是一个非常重要的因素。学生作品的思路总是天马行空，但真正考虑这些项目的施工操作时，你会发现它们大都不具备有实际意义。”

来自Alexandra Ayres的评论：

“当我完成第一学期的学习任务时，我仍然对许多建筑想法毫无头绪。在最后一个学年，我们被要求完成最后的建筑项目，而我们大多数人都通过书中的内容来作为我们的设计来源。

我的所有建筑知识都来源于建筑实践和实地考察。甚至当我在第二学期时，我们也没能够学到任何关于建筑设计的方法。我认为，学校应当从学生入学的第一天起就开始建筑施工的教学工作。”

来自Reaping的评论：

“我们学习了一些关于材料和施工的课程，但在我看来，这些课程并不多余，5年来，我积累了很多关于实际项目的知识，然而这些知识我认为在大学时就应当学会。现实情况是许多建筑学子都是在接触到实际项目之后才开始逐渐了解这些内容。”

来自Chad Sutter的评论：

“我的人生与建筑息息相关，在大学里我接触过一些小项目。我对材料和施工的理解甚至多于我的一些教授，其中有一位教授对他的师父来自普瑞特艺术学院而倍感自豪，可是他甚至完全不了解该如何使用材料，以及建筑细部该如何连接。

我也见过很多建筑学和工业设计的毕业生，他们对建筑的了解非常少，他们永远无法从学校里得到更多实际知识，也许是因为没有一个实践经验丰富的导师指导他们。我其实很担心这些过于‘学术’的毕业生，我认为他们未来很难与实际的建设项目接轨。”

来自RPR的评论：

“建筑是一个值得终身学习的行业，这也是一位建筑师直到四十多岁才能称得上是青年建筑师的原因。我认为这是个失败的制度。

通过常规培养计划学习的学生以及那些在公司里实习的毕业生的知识来源往往是通过日复一日的积累与渗透，而非单纯的理论学习，他们所接触到的专业内容往往是通过自己的自主学习。这是一个略微缓慢的学习过程。”

来自Lindsey Leardi的评论：

“我在堪萨斯州立大学的第一年学习生涯中，老师让我们通过设计来逐步了解空间形式，在这个任务中，我们几乎没有接触到过多的建筑材料，我们只是通过一些简单的材料来表达基础的空间造型，例如木材、泡沫芯和纸板，并没有运用到过多的实际建筑材料。

如果不通过实际感受与操作，你怎么能证明这些你完全不了解的材料能更好地阐述你的设计构思？在缺乏材料的设计中，你如何评价作品的优劣？如何理解你自己所创作的建筑空间？”

来自Jason Le的评论：

“我学过建筑学。通过工作，我也了解了一般的施工方法、建筑材料和规范。虽然工作仅一年，但我学到的内容比大学时还多得多，无论这听起来多么可笑，我认为大学都只是教授一种设计理念。”

来自Eric的评论：

“我认为主要问题在于建筑师观念上认为设计和建筑施工是分开的活动。首先要有设计作品，其次才是施工。

相反，在我工作的公司里，施工是从建筑设计过程开始时就综合考虑的因素，有趣的是，在设计与施工共同思考的过程中，建筑项目反而变得更加细致周到。因为只有当建筑师牢牢把握他们的设计意图以及设计过程中充分考虑建筑施工因素时，项目才有可能变得更加完善，即使每个项目的预算不同，但我所参与的每一个项目都能按时、不超支地完成。”

来自Harrison的评论：

“大多数建筑教育的重点是如何用酷炫的图面来表达天马行空的设计构想，甚至不需要考虑想法是否现实。因此，建筑教育真正应该考虑的是，如何在有限的预算中完成项目，亦或是如何按业主的真实需求来完成项目。”

来自Percy的评论：

“今天的建筑师们宁愿成为艺术家或明星，但这只是表面现象，真正的根源在于如今的建筑教育本身。我们的前辈们大多知道他们在做什么，他们非常了解材料和结构对项目的重要性。

许多学生不知道如何选用最合适的材料，并且也不了解自身的缺点是什么。现代建筑院校培养出的学生大多数都是雕塑家，而不是一个制图人员。然而现实情况是，材料与施工是建筑项目的根本。高校对于相关教育的缺乏并不是一个明智的行为。”

来自Whatmore的评论：

“这并不是缺乏材料或施工尝试所造成的情况。许多年前，许多高校的老师在制定建筑学培养计划时就决定弱化对材料与施工这些‘无聊’的学科的重视程度，从而将更多的精力放在如何做出‘精致’的设计作品上。因此，他们缺乏对于项目现实性的控制能力，当然，施工尝试十分必要，但这种常识的缺乏并不是造成这种效果的主要因素。”

Do Architects Learn Enough About Construction and Materials?
We asked this question to spark a discussion among our readers, and the number of responses on our sites in English and Spanish was overwhelming.
Having read and collected all these comments, it is clear that most of our readers agree that what is currently taught about materials and building processes is not enough. The vast majority of them admit that they have acquired this knowledge through fieldwork, years after having graduated. So once again we ask: if material knowledge is so important for the development of our profession, why is it not a fundamental part of the programs in universities around the world?
However, some of our readers contest this view, stating that architects don't have to know everything, and that we can't sacrifice good design to the constraints that impact the construction process. They base their arguments on the presence of specialists, to whom we should go whenever necessary, in a cohesive and collaborative process between the different disciplines.
Review the best comments received and join the discussion below.

Viewpoint 1: Technical knowledge is actually received in practice, and learning it in theoretical terms is not enough

From Lucas Downes:
“As a 5th Year KSU Grad student, I've found that my education hasn't quite prepared me for "real architecture." We do plenty of fantasy projects that seem to use alien technology in their structure for clients with endless budgets.
But aside from a few building construction classes and an attempt at CDs in studio 4th year, we don't get a lot of exposure. I've gotten all of my knowledge from my internships. And I think experience is an important factor. You can flash wall sections at a student all day long, but it won't mean much until you actually see it in application.”

From Alexandra Ayres:
“When I finished my Part I, I didn't have a clue about any method of construction. In my final year, we were asked to do a CD for the final project and most of us used Detail magazine as our source.
All my knowledge of construction comes from working in an architectural practice and site visits. Even when I did my Part II, we didn't get taught anything about construction methods. Universities should teach construction from day 1.”

From Reaping:
“We had a few courses in materials and construction, but they didn't weigh on me. I have learned more in the 5 years since college that I would claim I could learn at a University. Real life experience is where you start to see these things.”

From Chad Sutter:
“I grew up around construction, worked my way through college in the trades and doing small projects. I had a better understanding of materials and construction than did a few of my professors, including one that was very proud of his Master's from Pratt; he had no clue about how materials could be used, and how they were joined or connected.
I have also seen plenty of architecture and industrial design grads that have so little understanding of construction they could never get something designed or built fresh out of school, at least not without an experienced mentor guiding their work. That is what worries me about a few schools offering licensure upon graduation, I think it will end up in a few train wrecks.”

From RPR:
“A career in architecture can be described as a commitment to lifelong learning. It’s why architects are considered pups in their mid-forties. I see this as somewhat of a failing by the institution itself.
Graduates who follow the prescribed route and exclusively work in firms are oftentimes expected to learn by osmosis rather than by 'doing.' Anything outside of what they’re exposed to is self-directed learning. This can work, but factor in exams, trying to meet billable hour quotas and having a life outside the architectural realm makes it a slow process.”

From Lindsey Leardi:
“In my first year at Kansas State University, we were commissioned to design material-less forms to understand space making. Our materials were simply modeling materials: balsa wood, foam core, and chipboard; which have very little to no comparability to real construction materials.
How can you defend something you have no idea how to build? How do you assess the design success of something with no materials? How can you begin to understand the atmosphere you’ve created without materials?”

From Jason Le:
“I studied architecture. I learned all my construction methods, materials and general regulations through work. I have only been in the field for 1 year but have learned more than I did in University. University just teaches you to sell your idea no matter how ridiculous it is.”

From Eric:
“I believe the primary problem is that architects are often taught to think that design and construction thinking are separate activities. First we design, and then we apply construction systems to the design.
Conversely, at the firm I worked for, the designs always began with a construction methodology right at the beginning of the design process. What was interesting was that the designs actually got BETTER as they went through the development and construction processes. This only happens when the architect has a firm grasp on their design intentions and how the construction systems used in the design process extend and enrich the project. Every project I worked on came in on time and on budget (although the budgets ranged widely from one project to the next), as well."

From Tom Harrison:
“The majority of architectural education focuses of how to sell and idea with beautiful drawings--irrespective of the quality of the idea. Perhaps a better focus would be on how to design something that can be constructed within budget that will actually perform the function for which it was intended.”

From Percy:
“Today's architects would prefer to be artists or stars, but what we see is the symptom and not the disease. The illness is the academy itself. Our predecessors mostly knew what they were doing, they knew everything about the material and the structure was important for their project.

Many students have no idea how to get the most out of their materials and what their weaknesses are. The academy must form sculptors and not drawers. The reality is that the materialization of our works, and therefore construction, is fundamental. Not teaching this in universities mutilates our profession.”

From Duncan Whatmore:
“It is not a lack of knowledge about materials or construction that creates this scenario. Many years ago, architects decided to abandon the "boring" disciplines of cost and project management in order to concentrate of the "fun designer-y" parts. Consequently, they lacked the control of the process that allowed their visions to be realized. Sure, construction knowledge is essential, but lack of this is not the primary factor in causing this effect--it's control.”

© José Tomás Franco

观点2：施工常识应当让项目更有效率地完工，但不能以此为借口而牺牲好的设计思路。

来自Reaping的评论：

“如果感性派（强调设计思路）与理性派（强调实际材料与施工）能够结合一下就好了，也许这样我们能够看到更多具有创造性的设计，而也不必牺牲过多优秀的设计思路。”

但据我所知，通常有一段工作经验的人都有很多实际常识，因为他们已经积累了非常多的项目经验。然而在学校里，我只能学到如何用酷炫的图面来表达天马行空的思维。但在工作中，你的周围都是那些拥有实际经验的人，他们可以指导你完成一些项目，并开始向你展示许多的现实限制，有时当你了解到一个项目的预算非常有限时，你脑海中所构建的那些充满想象力的构思也许将无法成立。”

来自Bram Tamasoleng的评论：

“很多人认为日常工作经验是建筑师最好的老师。这是真的，在工作中，你将学习到各种材料的细节以及建筑细部的做法，但你需要明白的是你在学校学到的只是设计的方法与思路，我的意思是说建筑师应该考虑如何构思一个解决方案，从而克服由于他们的创新想法而产生的问题，这些问题也包括预算与细部设计。

因为，如果一个方案所引申出的问题连建筑师都无法克服，那么这个方案就无法满足客户的需求，也就是说并不适合客户。设计过程是为了给客户提出最恰当的方案，这种过程并非一蹴而就，这也是建筑师创新的原因。

来自Lucas Downes的评论：

“我不认为太迟接触细部设计和建筑施工是一个正确的选择，多一点准备非常有益。当然它会限制很多设计思路，但这也让设计过程更加现实，另外，这也具备更大的挑战，从而形成一个更有趣的设计作品。”

来自Jtbochi的评论：

“我不认为学校能够在没有实地实践的情况下教授这种知识。学校所能做的是教给学生设计思路。建筑师必须了解项目的每一个方面，如果他们无法全盘兼顾，他们也应当了解这属于哪个专业的范畴，并通过各方协调，从而设计出一个解决方案。工程师们并不会过多的考虑设计要素，但他们是精密领域的专家。建筑师必须是自信的决策者，因为承包商和顾问通常都会尽力完成自己的份内任务，客户也希望由建筑师做出正确的决定。

然而，许多人认为建筑师只是梦想家，这是一件好事，因为如果没有梦想，我们只会重复过去的成功，永远不会又真正的进步。一个好的建筑师应当了解什么时候可以充分发挥想象力、什么时候去实践，以及什么时候该解决问题。

来自Lindsey Leardi的评论：

“扎实的建筑材料知识对于设计出一个好作品十分有利，我所认识的那些材料知识相当扎实的同事都是很好的建筑师。”

Viewpoint 2: Knowledge of construction should make projects more efficient, but without sacrificing good design

From Reaping:
“If there was some hybrid of a School of Architecture and a School of Construction where both sides get a chance to learn from the other pool I think we would be able to see a lot more creative designs that don't have to sacrifice as much.
But from what I can tell, usually the guys you work with on site have WAY more experience since they have been building for years, meanwhile I can only claim I went to school and know how to draw pretty pictures. But that's where having an office full of experienced guys really comes in. They can guide you through a few projects and start to show you that pie-in-the-sky ideals crash when you are met with a budget that is almost entirely consumed by the most generic designs.”

From Bram Tamasoleng:
“Many of the answers will say that day-to-day experience works the best to make a good architect. It is true, by experience you will learn the best way to use materials and details but remember that the things you learned from your degree are the power to imagine and to create. By this I mean architect should think about how to create a solution to overcome problems that arise because of their innovative ideas, whether that's a budget problem or an issue of not being sure if the detail will work or not.
I say if an architect could not overcome the problem that means it is not the right solution for the client nor for themself. Options are there just to pick the right one for the right case. Sometimes the process can be trial-and-error but that is what makes an architect--to create and to innovate, and not just be dictated the "conventional way."

From Lucas Downes:
“I don't think we should be taking credit hour after credit hour of detailing and building construction classes, but a little more preparation would be extremely helpful. Sure it would limit design, but they would be more realistic, and that would provide more challenges--which in turn could create a more interesting design.”

From Jtbochi:
“I really don't think school is capable of teaching this type of knowledge without actually doing it in the field. What schools can do is teach students to be global thinkers. That's really what an architect does daily. He or she has to know something about every aspect of the project and if the architect doesn't know, they know who does and coordinates with all parties to come up with a solution. Engineers have a notoriously narrow vision, but they are experts in their precise field. The architect must be a confident decision-maker because the contractor and consultants will usually go out of their way to pass the final decision down the line and the client is looking to the architect to make the right call.
However, to those who think architects are just dreamers, some are... and that's a good thing because if it weren't for dreamers, we would only repeat past successes and never truly progress. A good architect knows when to dream and push the envelope and also when to be pragmatic and solve the problem.”

From Lindsey Leardi:
“A tenacious knowledge of construction materials yields better design. The colleagues of mine who have the best understanding of materials are some of the best designers I know.”

© José Tomás Franco

观点3：建筑师没有必要知道一切，我们还可以咨询其他专业人士

来自Lester Kanali的评论：

“建筑师应当以建筑师的方式来解决问题，每个作品应当体现出建筑师的水准，这应该是一个更具凝聚力的过程，而不应当受到其他专业人士的攻击。”

来自Nora Hild的评论：

“建筑学院教我们关于建筑的理论/设计、建筑历史和人的尺度。关于建筑材料与施工过程，这是建筑师在未来的工作中应当学会的知识。建筑毕业生的责任是做出关乎最佳设计作品的研究。”

来自Tom Scooter Seiple的评论：

“这些‘无所不知’的要求是设计行业的一大特点，尤其是在建筑行业。并不是说野心太多不好（我正在自学编写代码和检查统计数据），但我常常觉得这些要求容易激发出一种优越感和过度自信的心理。有什么问题应当咨询专家，这是他们的任务，他们有更加专业的资源！”


其他相关专业的思考

来自Rj Kietchen的评论：

“你从事建筑预算的工作，而不是设计。作为一般的承包商，我可以证明，在咨询了建筑师之后，作品的视觉效果将特别出众。建筑师拥有绘画技巧、想象力和其他许多专业技能，但是对于开发房地产所需的大部分知识都不了解，其中包括所涉及的材料、相关的直接和间接成本、客户需求等。

只有当客户已经完全接纳他们的想法时，我才会用他们的方案。我将近一半的时间都用在与建筑师沟通上，为什么这些方案不能按正常逻辑建立起来？在最后的出图中，您可以看到客户的最终选择，但这并没有阻止建筑师一开始天马行空的想象，他们似乎以此来证明自己独特的价值。

来自imrighturwrong的评论：

“建筑师必须在实际工作之前接受1-2年的实习培训，这将帮助他们认识到，很多方案仅仅是来源于丰富的想象力和所谓的‘大师作品’，这并不意味着你可以将它建造出来。

至少要了解：混凝土并不是完全平整的，钢也并不完全呈垂直或水平的。同时，善良的人越来越少。而且，不要以为你可以只坐在办公室里指挥，你必须去往实际场地考察。尤其是重建工程，相信我，作为总承包商，我们知道有时你会悄悄偷懒，结果导致项目无法按时完工，也可能导致订单的临时变更，最后你甚至没有多余的时间去做预算工作。所以，请认真对待你的工作。我们都指望着你。”

来自Michael Moore的评论：

“我不是一个纸上建筑师。我没有那么高的学历。我只拥有几年的经验，我今年37岁了。我在学生时期的暑假就开始工作，我爱上了贸易，同时我也喜欢通过自己的努力而做出的建筑作品。当我在15岁时，我开始试着阅读蓝图，并尝试着画出我家的样子。如果一个孩子把所有的东西都摆出来，那真的会让大家大吃一惊，如果他们有任何的改变意图，他们必须先和我沟通。我认为：经验是最好的教育。”

来自Cameron Abt的评论：
         
“坦率地说，我十分震惊了解到这样的说法。我是电气和系统工程师，但不得不尽可能学习机械、土木，以及其他设计类知识，这样我才能更加了解其他专业的约束。让我们了解如何为生产、维护和保存而设计，这不仅减少了获得最终产品所需的设计次数，而且大大降低了系统维护的总成本。

与我的一些朋友共事的同事们曾经在学校里要学习很多关于制造方面的知识，然而并不是所有学校都是这样，但我知道，我的朋友就因为这些细致的钻研而在业内遥遥领先。我认为，即使我的建筑知识有限，但这同样会吸引到真正的建筑专业学生。

当前，我代表开发商与建筑师合作沟通，负责新项目的虚拟部分。让我吃惊的是，在工作过程中我发现许多建筑师完全不关心建设的可行性和后期的维修工作。”


来自我们读者的小建议

来自Anushish Pagia的评论：

“在我看来，可以先对可用材料进行分类，然后再了解这些材料的特性之后为我们的设计方案选取合适的材料。”

来自Rj Kietchen的评论：

“尽量了解每一种材料，包括25%的损耗率，然后在这个损耗率的前提下，了解每一种材料的设计成本和各项费用，然后将60%的预算项目金额用于施工，将方案和材料的成本控制在60%以内。这样你就能够在预算范围内完成你的项目，而且还有可能得到开发商的赏识，甚至与你签下下一个项目的合同。”

来自Eric的评论：

“在你刚毕业时，我会鼓励你尽量多去现场参观学习，如果你的公司有在建工程，即使你不负责相关工作，你都可以申请与项目建筑师参观项目现场，这些参观时间也许会在你的日常工作时间之外。在参观过程中，你应当多拍照片，多听、多问。

当年轻的建筑师对一个项目感兴趣时，承包商常常会感到惊喜，所以当他们出现时，你要充分利用这些机会。这样，你才会成为一个更优秀的建筑师！”

Viewpoint 3: Architects don't have to know everything, and we can consult or learn from the specialists

From Lester Kanali:
“The way constructors insist that architects get on their level to build something that actually "works" is exactly the same way they should get on the architect's level. It should be a more cohesive process rather than attacking the skillset of any of the professionals.”

From Nora Hild:
“Architecture school teaches us about architecture--the theory/design, history and human scale. It is the job of an employer to teach about construction and materials for architectural graduates. And it is the responsibility of graduates to do their own research about best practices, IMO.”

From Tom Scooter Seiple:
“There's a significant emphasis on "knowing everything" in the design industry, especially in architecture. Not that it's bad to be ambitious about knowing more (hell, I'm teaching myself to code and revisiting stats right now), but I often feel it breeds a mentality of superiority and overconfidence. There's nothing wrong with consulting specialists. That's what they dedicated their careers to, they are resources!”

What other related professions think

From Rj Kietchen:
“You work from the build cost up, not design down. As a former General Contractor I can attest to the visual construction path that is followed after consulting with an architect. The architect, armed with drawing skills, imagination, and little else, is utterly unaware of 95% of what it takes to develop a property, the materials involved, the associated direct and indirect costs, and the customers; both builders and end-user.
I used them when clients had already retained them and never otherwise. 40% of my build time was spent educating the architect on why things can't be built the way they designed it. In the final diagram, you see what the customer could afford to build, but that never prevented the architect from presenting the first image, trying to justify why they were hired.”

From imrighturwrong:
“Architects should be required to work in the field for 1-2 years before receiving a license. It would help them to realize that just because you can draw something doesn't mean you can build it.
Understand: concrete isn't perfectly flat, steel isn't plumb & level. Also, with the kind of people out there actually doing the work (lack of tradesmen) the good ones are getting fewer and farther between. Also, don't think you can just sit in your office. You HAVE to visit the site. Especially when it's a remodel. Trust me. As a general contractor, we know when you've chosen to not do your due diligence. It results in overdue, over-budget jobs with excess change orders & paperwork that nobody has excess time to do. So, please, take your job seriously. We are counting on you.”

From Michael Moore:
“I'm not a architect on paper. I have no degree that says I am. What I do have is several years (29 years) experience and I'm 37 years old. I started working during summer breaks as a child. I really fell in love with the trade, building something with my bare hands and seeing it come to life. I started reading blueprints and laying out houses out to be framed when I was 15 years old. It would really amaze the homeowners that a kid was laying everything out, and if they had any requests to make changes, they had to speak to me. I say that, to say this: experience is by far the best education you can have, hands down.”

From Cameron Abt:
“Frankly, I'm shocked to learn that this isn't the case already. I'm an electrical and systems engineer, but had to take many mechanical, civil, and other design classes so that we could understand the constraints and goals of other fields. (...) Teaching us how to design for production, maintenance, and disposal not only reduced the number of design iterations required to get to an end product but significantly lowered the total cost of ownership of the system.
Not all engineering schools are like this--some of my friends went on to get jobs with colleagues who did have to learn about manufacturability on the job. But I do know that my friends were soon professionally miles ahead because of this. And I would think, from my admittedly limited knowledge of architecture, that the same would draw true for architectural students.
I'm currently working with many architects on behalf of developers, producing VR tours for new projects. It amazes me how many changes on both architecture and ID need to be made by the developer because the architect wasn't concerned about the feasibility of construction or, sometimes more often, maintenance of the space thereafter.”

Tips and possible solutions from our readers...

From Anushish Pagia:
“In my view, a better approach towards the field could be to first categorize the materials available and then use these materials after studying their properties for our design.”

From Rj Kietchen:
“Know every cost number to every single material you propose, including 25% for waste, then know every single build time amount and cost for every material and every design you propose including 25% for waste. Then take 60 percent of the budgeted project amount for the build, then calculate the material cost and time costs for the proposed design to be less than the 60 percent amount. That will result in a completed project at the budgeted amount and get you another contract to design.”

From Eric:
“I would strongly encourage others to visit as many construction sites as possible during your education and in your early experience following graduation. If your firm has projects in construction, visit the project site with the project architects, even if you aren't working on the project. This may require visits before or after your regular working hours. Take lots of pictures, ask lots of questions, and listen.
Contractors are often surprised and pleased when a young architect expresses an interest in what they do, so take full advantage of these opportunities when they arise. You'll become a better architect!”


出处：本文译自www.archdaily.com/，转载请注明出处。