© ELEMENT
声学基本原理：为什么建筑师不应该把一切交给顾问？
Basic Principles of Acoustics: Why Architects Shouldn’t Leave It All To Consultants
由专筑网李韧，曹逸希编译
世界一半以上的人口都生活在人口稠密的城市地区，这里有着嘈杂的餐厅、商店、酒店、办公室，各种噪音让人无法忍受。在计划会议或是和朋友出去玩的时候，我们会有意识的选择一些安静的场所。这个世界越吵闹，我们越是难以集中精力来倾听某些我们真正想听到的声音。
从一开始，我们的耳朵就会提醒我们危险正在来临，耳朵的功能没有变，但是如今的危险与过去却不相同，噪音会对健康造成负面影响，造成例如听力受损、心血管疾病、高血压、头疼、激素紊乱、心理疾病、睡眠障碍、机能下降、抗压反应、抑郁等等，幸福感也有所下降。因此建筑师不应该把声学舒适问题留给顾问去解决，因为只有把控制权留在自己的手中，才能做出想要的效果。
More than half the world’s population lives in dense urban areas. Uncomfortably loud restaurants, stores, hotels, or offices are enough to keep patrons away. When planning a meeting or even a night out with friends, we are conscious of selecting a location where we can focus and hear one another. The noisier our world gets, the more difficulty we have focusing on the sounds we actually want to hear.
Since the beginning of time, our ears have warned us of approaching danger. While their function remains the same, the dangers of today are different than they were in the past. Unwanted sounds can have serious health effects such as: hearing loss, cardiovascular disease high blood pressure, headaches, hormonal changes, psychosomatic illnesses, sleep disorders, reduction in physical and mental performance, stress reactions, aggression, constant feelings of displeasure and reduction in general well-being. With this laundry list of side effects, it would be foolish to leave the acoustic comfort of our spaces up to consultants alone. When we take acoustic comfort into our own hands, the end result can be quite extraordinary.
© Saint-Gobain / illustration by Elisa Géhin
声学舒适性的作用
即使人类在睡眠中，外耳、中耳、内耳也都能接受、传输声音，声压会引起鼓膜的震动，刺激内耳神经，而压力的差异决定了声音的大小，这里以“分贝”为单位，每秒震动的频率单位为“赫兹”。
How Acoustic Comfort Works
Even during sleep, our outer, middle, and inner ear, receive, transmit, and detect sound respectively. Sound pressures cause the eardrum to vibrate, stimulating nerves in the inner ear. Differences in pressure determine volume, measured in decibels. Vibration cycles per second determines the pitch, or frequency, measured in Hertz.
© Jasper Sanidad
室内声学质量取决于声源控制的好坏。声音通过空气或者建筑而传播。人的耳朵对于声音的感知方式取决于建筑的混响与吸收水平。评估建筑声学舒适度，就需要对房间的声音等级进行评估。声音等级由背景噪音以及峰值噪音而决定。室内声学则通过混响时间、清晰程度、隐私程度来评估。建筑的功能不同，对声学舒适度的需求也有所不同。
Indoor acoustic quality is dependent on how well sound sources are controlled. Exterior, interior, impact, and equipment noises are transmitted through the air or building fabric. How the human ear perceives sound directly depends on levels of reverberation and absorption within the building. To assess a buildings acoustic comfort, sound level and room acoustics are evaluated. Sound level is measured by background versus peak noise levels. Room acoustics are measured by reverberation time, intelligibility level, and privacy level. Depending on the functionality of the building or room, different acoustic requirements will apply.
© Saint-Gobain / illustration by Elisa Géhin
Palo Alto Networks Israel / Setter Architects. Image © Itay Sikolski
声学舒适性的设计方式
设计声学舒适性，那么就要考虑使用者的需求和建筑因素，例如建筑方案、文化习惯、噪音类型、噪音频率、建筑材料等等。声音难以预测，一般通过现场分析和详细说明来评估建筑的性能需求、建筑结构、技术装备需求。真正的现场分析不能只单纯地使用计算机模拟，还需要人耳的识别。因此，声学性能与施工工艺有关。
How To Design For Acoustic Comfort
To design for acoustic comfort, consider occupant needs along with external and architectural factors: the building program, cultural habits, noise types, noise spectrum, construction systems and materials. Sound is challenging to accurately predict. Forecast external noise levels through site analysis and a narrative explaining the building’s performance requirements, building fabric, and technical equipment needs. True on-site analysis cannot be replaced by computer simulations, which don’t have human ears. Ultimately, acoustic performance comes down to workmanship.
© Jeffrey Totaro
建筑师应该这么做吗？
在正确了解项目需求之后，就应该选择合适的材料，这也是建筑师的职责所在，因为建筑设计和表现形式可以有不同的种类，因此可以为诸如墙壁和天花板等区域指定多种材料，这对于减少噪音来说至关重要。另外，吸声玻璃设置有薄膜夹层，这能够减少声音的传播，同时不会影响玻璃的透明度，这种方式可以应用在内部的功能分区。另外，还有隔音密封胶的使用，这也能够减少一些细微的声音传播。最后再通过现场测试明确是否达到最终的性能。
Where Should Architects Get Involved?
Once the programmatic needs are known (and the correct noise levels are already determined with the help of a specialist) it’s time for materials to be selected. This is exactly where architects should be more involved and where they can make a difference in the design and expression of the building (inside and out).There is a wide variety of customizable materials available such as acoustic wall and ceiling panels which area a great way to reduce sound reflections. Also acoustic glass integrates a film interlayer to diminish sound transmission without sacrificing transparency, and this can be a great way to create interior sub-divisions in modern cowering spaces, for example. And we should never forget the correct use and application of noise-proofing sealant which prevents unwanted noise from escaping a room through minimum gaps and cracks. Finally, an on-site testing ensures the specified performance is achieved.
Event Hall / SPACES Architecture. Image © Guillaume Girod
© Saint-Gobain / illustration by Elisa Géhin
就医院、教育建筑、运动中心、住宅、音乐厅等建筑而言，声学舒适性都是重要的因素。每种建筑类型都有着自己的声学需求，因此建筑师需要有一定的知识储备，才能设计出舒适的建筑作品。另外，为了满足舒适的声学空间，建筑师还需要了解相关声学材料，在当前社会，城市日益发展，周边关系愈发密切，许多人会选择在家里办公，因此建筑的类型也愈发多样，这对室内的声学舒适度的要求也在不断增高。由于气候变化，家家户户都使用了空调，那么建筑内外空间的噪音也因此增大。当夜幕降临时，人们在家中感受到噪音这不仅仅会造成对人们自身的影响，同时还会影响到诸如生产力、学习能力、睡眠、舒适度等整体幸福感受。
Acoustics are a key element in all building types from hospitals, educational buildings, sports centers to residential or working and music venues. Each typology in architecture will have it’s own acoustic requirement and that’s why architects cannot design a comfortable and sustainable building without the previous research and knowledge. To achieve a perfect acoustical space we must be aware of the technologically-advanced materials which maintain world-class acoustics. As our cities densify, neighbors grow closer, people work from home, and building types become more and more mixed use, the indoor acoustic landscapes is evolving. Climate change has already raised noise levels by increasing our use of air conditioning systems. Storms are intensifying, bringing about more vibrations. Our buildings will require better insulation to protect occupants from internal as well as external noise. At the end of the day, the way we “hear” in a space not only affects our appreciation of it, but our productivity, our capacity of learning, our sleep, comfort and general wellbeing, as well.
© Saint-Gobain / illustration by Elisa Géhin
© Saint-Gobain / illustration by Elisa Géhin
© Saint-Gobain / illustration by Elisa Géhin
© Saint-Gobain / illustration by Elisa Géhin
© Saint-Gobain / illustration by Elisa Géhin
© Saint-Gobain / illustration by Elisa Géhin
© Saint-Gobain / illustration by Elisa Géhin
© Saint-Gobain / illustration by Elisa Géhin
© Saint-Gobain / illustration by Elisa Géhin
© Saint-Gobain / illustration by Elisa Géhin
© Saint-Gobain / illustration by Elisa Géhin
© Saint-Gobain / illustration by Elisa Géhin
© Saint-Gobain / illustration by Elisa Géhin
© Saint-Gobain / illustration by Elisa Géhin
© Saint-Gobain / illustration by Elisa Géhin
© Saint-Gobain / illustration by Elisa Géhin
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