Eggum Tourist Route by Snohetta. Image © Jarle Wæhler

建筑与自然：景观建筑的构成
Architecture and Nature: A Framework for Building in Landscapes

由专筑网邢子，小R编译

自然中的建筑形成了一种矛盾，建筑可以让人身临其境地进入景观，与此同时，自然却在慢慢被游客吞噬。人类在自然景观中的存在是一种尺度的交错，是原型庇护所与广阔景致的并置，也是对景观的进入和环境保护之间的协商。在探索各种态度和形式策略的基础上，下文将从几位较为完善的处理景观建筑的建筑师和实践的经验及设计理念中有所借鉴。

人与自然的关系、建筑与景观的关系都在不断地更新，建在自然景观中的建筑代表了某种诗意的探索，也代表了对人的尺度的更新。当前景观中的建筑是对人与自然关系的特殊看法的产物。如今人们比以往任何时候都更加意识到景观是一种珍贵的遗产，建筑在保护景观的同时，可以也应该加强对它的保护，以便传给后代。无数关于自然环境中的物体的简介和设计方案，无论是小木屋、瞭望塔、避难所，都是建筑新闻专栏中经常出现的内容，这反映了人们对在景观中创造适合建筑的关注。

Building in nature constitutes a contradiction, as architecture enables immersive access to the landscape, while at the same time, natural landmarks are being slowly engulfed by tourists. The human presence in natural landscapes is an interplay of scales, a juxtaposition of archetypal shelters against the vast sceneries, as well as a negotiation between access to the landscape and environmental conservation. Exploring a variety of attitudes and formal strategies, the following takes a look at what could be learned from the experiences and design philosophies of several architects and practices that have perfected ways of addressing architecture in the landscape.
The relationship of man to nature and of architecture to the landscape is continuously renewed, and architecture built within the natural landscape represents a certain kind of poetic exploration, as well as a renewed perspective on the human scale. The current architecture in the landscape is the product of a specific view of the relationship between human beings and nature. More than ever today, there is an awareness of the landscape as a precious heritage that architecture can and should enhance while protecting it to be passed on to future generations. The myriad of briefs and design proposals for objects in natural settings, be it cabins, observation towers, shelters that are a constant in the architectural news chicle reflect an ongoing preoccupation with a mindful creation of habitable places in the landscape.  


National Tourist Route Trollstigen / Reiulf Ramstad Arkitekter + Oslo Norway. Image Courtesy of Reiulf Ramstad Architects

在世界范围内，对自然旅游日益增长的需求带来了一些有关游客管理的紧迫的实际问题。挪威的Trollstigen旅游路线每年仅有三个月的时间可以进入，却吸引了70多万游客，而冰岛作为自然旅游目的地的人气上升，导致游客数量大幅增长，从2010年的47万人次到2019年的近200万人次。这些例子强调了建筑在更新这些场所的作用和责任，同时通过促进自然环境的可持续发展来减轻对环境的破坏。以下提炼了几位建筑师及其项目的理念和设计方法，代表了一个在景观中建设的框架，将建筑和自然并列，并强调两者的内在品质。

Worldwide, the growing appetite for natural tourism raises some pressing practical issues concerning the managing of visitors. The Norwegian Trollstigen tourist route attracts more than 700.000 visitors, while only being accessible for three months each year, and Iceland’s rise in popularity as a natural tourism destination has led to enormous growth in tourist numbers, from 470.000 in 2010 to almost 2 million visitors in 2019. These examples underline architecture’s role and responsibility in updating these sites while mitigating the destruction of the environment by promoting a sustainable approach to natural settings. Distilling the ideas and design methods of several architects and their projects, the following represents a framework for building in the landscape, juxtaposing architecture and nature and underlining the intrinsic qualities of both.


Fleinvær Refugium by TYIN Tegnestue + Rintala Eggertsson Architects. Image © Pasi Aalto


学习景观


Allmannajuvet Zinc Mine Museum by Peter Zumthor. Image © Per Berntsen

在《思考建筑》一书中的“建筑与景观”一文中，彼得·祖姆托描述了他为自然环境设计的过程，强调学习景观是建筑努力的前提。祖姆托强调，需要在材料、尺寸和形状上寻找合适的平衡点。诚然，这种平衡依赖于建筑师的感性，他说："我敢说，如果建筑和它所处的景观之间的关系被破坏了，如果景观通过建筑的干预而变得丰富了，我们都会立即感觉到。"祖姆托还利用他丰富的经验，建议使用清晰、明确的类型，以及与景观的实质相匹配的材料和与该地相关的建筑技术，从而确保建筑的使用寿命。

Learn the Landscape
In the essay Architecture and Landscape, from the book Thinking Architecture, Peter Zumthor describes his personal process of designing for natural settings, emphasizing learning the landscape as a prerequisite for the architectural endeavour. Zumthor underlines the need to search for the right balance in terms of materials, size, and shapes. Admittedly, this equilibrium relies on the sensibility of the architect, stating: “I venture to claim that we all immediately sens if the relationship between the building and the landscape in which it has been placed is disrupted if the landscape is enriched through the architectural intervention”. Zumthor also draws from his extensive experience to advise the use of clear, unambiguous typologies, as well as to match the substance of the landscape, with materials and construction techniques relating to the place, thus ensuring that the building ages well.


重新发现乡土建筑的智慧


Wadden Sea Centre by Dorte Mandrup Architects. Image © Adam Mørk


Wadden Sea Centre by Dorte Mandrup Architects. Image © Adam Mørk


Wadden Sea Centre by Dorte Mandrup Architects. Image © Adam Mørk

从当地的建筑文化中汲取灵感，由Dorte Mandrup Architects事务所设计的Wadden Sea中心是其景观的完美体现。从当地采购的茅草屋顶成为一种随时可以运用的材料，从而创造出抽象的形状。通过其色彩和形态，使建筑与景观融为一体。此外，该项目与当地的气候相配合，而背道而驰，内院的避风功能也是对景观的一种适应，同时也是对乡土建筑传统的一种借鉴。

Re-Discover the Wisdom of Vernacular Architecture
Drawing inspiration from the local building culture, the Wadden Sea Centre designed by Dorte Mandrup Architects is a perfect embodiment of its landscape. The thatched roof sourced locally becomes a material ready to be sculpted, allowing the creation of an abstract shape. Through its colours and morphology, the building merges with the landscape. Moreover, the project works with and not against the local climate, as the inner courtyard shielded from the wind is also an adaptation to the landscape, as well as a borrowed element from the vernacular architectural tradition.


塑造新颖的自然体验


Selvika by Reiulf Ramstad Arkitekter. Image Courtesy of Reiulf Ramstad Architects

挪威工作室Reiulf Ramstad Arkitetker在其作品集中拥有相当数量的深思熟虑的景观构造，而组织景观体验似乎是他们在自然界项目中的共同线索。通过Selvika项目，该实践重新定义了从主干道到达海边的体验，有意放慢运动速度，刻画出一条蜿蜒曲折的道路，使游客意识到他们周围的环境，塑造他们到达目的地的方法，并重新聚焦他们的注意力。该项目把基础设施，如无障碍设施、公共厕所、长椅等这些非常务实的需求转化为创造体验的机会。

Shape a Novel Experience of Nature
Norwegian studio Reiulf Ramstad Arkitetker has a considerable number of thoughtful landscape interventions in its portfolio and organizing the experience of the landscape seems to be the common thread informing their projects in nature. With the Selvika intervention, the practice redefines the experience of reaching the seaside from the main road, intentionally slowing down the movement, carving a sinuous path that makes visitors aware of their surroundings, shaping their approach to the destination place and refocusing their attention. The project turns a very pragmatic need for infrastructure- accessibility, public toilets, benches- into an opportunity to create an experience.


尽量减少干预措施


Path of Perspectives Panorama Trail by Snohetta. Image © Christian Flatscher

今年夏天，Aedes建筑论坛举办了一个专门针对自然环境下建筑的展览，展示了Snøhetta与景观建立对话的先锋项目。工作室的联合创始人Kjetil Trædal Thorsen表示："一些偏远地区正变得特别吸引人，因为人们越来越渴望成为真实事物的一部分。"对于已经受到影响的地方，提供防止进一步破坏的设施将至关重要。" 这正是像Eggum Tourist Route项目设法实现的，以谨慎的建筑形式提供旅游基础设施。此外，Perspectives Panorama Trail通过一系列与高山景观无缝融合的建筑元素，以最少的干预来策划旅游体验。

Minimize Interventions
This past summer, Aedes Architecture Forum held an exhibition dedicated to architecture in natural settings, which presented Snøhetta’s pioneering projects that establish a dialogue with the landscape. On this occasion, Kjetil Trædal Thorsen, co-founder of the studio, stated: “some remote areas are becoming especially attractive to the ever-increasing desire of people to be part of something authentic.[…] For the places already under pressure, it will be vital to provide facilities preventing further destruction.” This is precisely what projects like Eggum Tourist Route manage to achieve, providing touristic infrastructure in a discreet architectural form. Moreover, Perspectives Panorama Trail curates the touristic experience with a minimum amount of intervention, through a series of architectural elements blending seamlessly within the alpine landscape.


与当地气候协同


rendering of Icejford Visitor Centre by Dorte Mandrup Architects. Image © MIR

对于Dorte Mandrup建筑事务所来说，他们在自然环境中的建筑的共同点是该地的气候条件和所采用的类型学之间的直接联系。冰峡湾中心代表了对景观和气候条件的明确回应，回旋镖的形状有助于保护建筑免受积雪的影响，建筑被嵌入到景观中，并以丹麦的木质建筑传统为灵感，为观赏冰峡湾提供一个平台，同时也通过其展览向游客提供有关该地区和气候变化的教育。

Work with the Local Climate
For Dorte Mandrup Architects, the common ground of their architecture in natural settings seems to be the direct connection between the climate conditions of the place and the employed typology. The Icefjord Centre represents a clear response to the landscape and its climate conditions, with the boomerang shape helping to protect the building from the build-up of snow. Inserted within an almost a scalar landscape and informed by the Danish wood construction heritage, the project is meant to provide a platform for viewing the ice fjord, while also educating tourists about the area and climate change through its exhibitions.


Path of Perspectives Panorama Trail by Snohetta. Image © Christian Flatscher

这些建筑类型组织了人类对景观的体验，确定了与自然互动的机会，调解并小心地将微小与广袤叠加在一起。这种设计将实践与建筑的本质联系起来，将其重新固定在现实的环境中。

This type of architecture discussed so far organizes human experience of the landscape, frames opportunities for interacting with nature, mediates and carefully superimposes smallness against the vastness. Such designs reconnect the practice to the essence of architecture, re-anchoring it in the realities of the environment.


Path of Perspectives Panorama Trail by Snohetta. Image © Christian Flatscher