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5个再生策略激活大流行后的城市死角
5 Regenerative Strategies to Activate the Dead Edges in our Cities Post-Pandemic

由专筑网邢子，小R编译

随着城市的不断发展和转变，城市景观中的死角开始出现，这些弱点熄灭了建筑环境中的活力。这些"死角"指的是那些缺乏主动参与的区域，它们空荡荡也没有人，因为它们不再呈现出可以使用或吸引人的那一面。随着疫情的发展，之后我们面临的第一个问题是如何振兴我们的城市环境，并且为疲惫和落后的城市景观注入活力......

创造一个积极健康的城市环境的重点因素是通过场所的设计来增加活力，创造多样化和有居住、发展空间和工作场所。这里有五个再生战略，它们使城市景观充满活力，并产生有弹性、有吸引力的灵活环境。

As the city continues to evolve and transform, dead edges in the cityscape begin to emerge, subsequently reducing the level of activity in our built environment. These 'dead edges' refer to the areas that lack active engagement, they remain empty and deprived of people, since they no longer present themselves as useful or appealing. As the Covid-19 pandemic draws to an ultimate close, the first issue we may face post-pandemic is to revive our urban environment. A kiss of life into a tired and outdated cityscape...
The focal element in creating an active and healthy urban environment is by increasing vitality through placemaking. Creating diverse and interesting places to reside, thrive, and work. Here are five regenerative strategies that animate the cityscape and ultimately produce resilient, attractive, and flexible environments.


1. 混合用途开发
1. Mixed-Use Development


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确保街道的混合用途构成是非常重要的，让街道在最空旷的时候也能确保活力。混合用途的发展包括：一系列的居住空间、服务和设施，绿色空间的利用，以及历史建筑和场所的再生。它可以呈现不同的建筑风格和历史风貌，为居民提供选择性和多样性。一系列的设施和空间将在不同时间里提供服务和内容，这对于提高场所的质量至关重要。

城市的街道活跃而充满生机，然而，时间打击了这些城市曾经最重要的场所，使许多地区出现荒废的空间。混合用途的规划是我们振兴和促进活跃环境的一种方式，甚至可以结合生物多样性来塑造一个有吸引力的大都市。

It is important to ensure our streets are of mixed-use composition, ensuring activity even in the most vacant of times. The mixed-use development is clarified by the following conditions: a range of residential spaces, services, and amenities, utilization of green spaces, and the regeneration of historic buildings and places. It presents diverse architectural styles and historical periods to provide choice and variety for its users and residents. The range of facilities and proximity to them will offer activity here at various times of the day and week. This is crucial in enforcing quality in terms of place.
The streets of the city must be active and full of vigor. Yet time has struck the city’s most vital organs and left many areas a derelict shell. Mixed-use planning is one way we can revitalize and promote an active environment, even incorporating elements of biophilia to reinforce an attractive urban metropolis.


Image Courtesy of 3XN

多中心模式与混合用途发展的理念相联系，这种城市规划的形式鼓励建立自给自足的地区，遍布整个城市。15分钟城市概念的提出，意味着在这个时间范围内居民可以获得各种便利，该模式将一个中心空间分解为许多不同的城市中心，将活动和聚集区分散在整个城市景观中。因此，缺乏活动和活力的地区可以得到再生，提供相应服务。建筑风格各异的次中心的存在，创造了更多活动，激活了废弃的区域，鼓励了繁荣的"城市村庄"发展。

混合用途区划实施的互动多样的条件为居民提供可选择的、娱乐和社会活动的参与，这些活动只有在特殊的条件下才会被激发。这些条件的存在可以更好地改善城市在疫情后的整体活力和经济基础设施的建设。

The polycentric model ties into the ideas of mixed-use development, a form of urban planning that encourages the establishment of self-sufficient districts, dotted across the city. The 15-minute city, where every convenience can be accessed within this time frame. The model breaks down a central space into lots of varied city centers, dispersing activity and areas of convergence across the cityscape. As a result, areas lacking activity and vitality can be regenerated and effectively become useful. The presence of numerous architecturally diverse subcenters creates more consistent activity and activates disused regions, encouraging the growth of flourishing ‘urban villages’.
The interactive and varied conditions implemented by mixed-use zoning will offer the participation of optional, recreational, and social activities for users, which only thrive under very particular conditions. The presence of these conditions can better improve the overall activity in our cities post-pandemic and the economic infrastructure.


2. 适应性再利用
2. Adaptive Reuse


Image Courtesy of MVRDV

由于Covid-19疫情和它所产生的各种经济影响，城市增加了很多无用的废弃建筑与空间。这些建筑就像城市景观中的空壳，通常都有理想的场地与公共交通连接，并有吸引人的景观，这些场地是城市未来发展的关键，它们的封锁和废弃阻挡了城市的空间流通。

适应性再利用寻求发展现有的空间来解决这些问题，防止产生城市环境中的死角。使用现有的结构，并以不同于其原始设计意图的方式重新利用它，从而激活城市景观中的这些死角。这些场地在最初建设时就由于一些优势被开发建设，那为什么不利用这些空间的优势，重塑城市活力呢。

The dissolution of the city due to the Covid-19 pandemic and various economic effects it has produced has dramatically increased the number of disused buildings which no longer serve a purpose or provide functionality. These sit like empty shells in the cityscape, often with desirable site connections to public transport and appealing views. These sites are key in the future development of the city, they act like blockades, blocking important circulation routes.
Adaptive reuse seeks to develop the existing space to open these blockades and prevent dead spaces in the urban environment. The process of using an existing structure and re-purposing it in a way that is different to its original design intention. As a result, it activates these dead edges in the cityscape. These sites were chosen upon original construction because of their desirability, why not make use of these spaces and repair existing damage to city vitality.


Image Courtesy of Ricardo Bofill

通过适应性再利用，而不是重新建造来实现修复和可持续发展，这些改造不仅可以实现可持续发展，也可以通过重新利用废弃的建筑来实现城市复兴。适应性再利用不一定只重视历史建筑，它包括任何形式的建筑再利用，无论其年代或重要性，它的灵活性和便利性是它成为再生重要方法的原因。

适应性再利用战略为许多场地提供了可行的替代方案，这些场地本来无法提供未来城市生活的需求。大流行使许多人重新评估目前的发展，许多投资者放弃了以前的项目，而这些项目仍然被遗弃，期待这些项目能在大流行病之后被重新创造和启动。

Rather than efforts of repair and sustainability by just building anew, we can use adaptive reuse to enforce both sustainability through retrofit and urban regeneration through the reuse of disused buildings. Adaptive reuse does not necessarily just value historic architecture, it enforces the idea of reuse for any form of building no matter its age or significance. Its flexibility and easy application is what makes it such a significant method of regeneration
The adaptive reuse strategy offers a viable alternative for many recently developed sites that simply no longer provide a vision of future city living. The pandemic has made many re-evaluate current developments and many investors have abandoned previously profitable projects. These remain abandoned until they can be reinvented and re-initiated, post-pandemic.


3. 步行化
3. Pedestrianization


Image via 3Deluxe

步行化城市在很大程度上是前汽车社会使用的一种经典的城市规划方法。然而，它的重新出现和城中村的实施引起了对这种城市复兴方法的思考。以行人为主，而不是以汽车为主，创造可步行的街区，废除汽车主导的区域。

在我们的城市中，混合用途的分区加强了步行的可行性。当地设施的集中可以鼓励居民步行或骑自行车，同时使得汽车不那么必要。这些步行区将呈现出良好的连接性，有吸引人的、安全的路径和方便的步行路线，它们是舒适的，也有良好的照明，并且易于识别。

The pedestrianized city is very much a classical approach to urban planning used in pre-automobile society. Yet its re-emergence and the implementation of the urban village has given rise to a reflection of this approach for city regeneration. The pedestrian as the primary priority rather than the car, creating walkable neighborhoods and abolishing the car-dominated territory.
Mixed-use zoning in our cities reinforces the viability of walkability. The concentration of local amenities encourages inhabitants to walk or bike, rendering cars unnecessary. These pedestrianized areas will present excellent connectivity, with attractive/safe paths and convenient direct walking routes and crossings. They will be comfortable, well-lit, and easy to follow.


Image © Shin Shasin Kobo

紧凑型城市提出了一个考虑到行人交通的友好愿景，这是一个与更密集的城市景观相关的城市模式，它的特点是持续的混合用途开发。使用混合用途开发的空间，在一天中的每个时间都能提供相应的活动。工作时间的学校和工作场所，晚上的餐馆和酒吧，以及周末的休闲空间，确保了行人的持续活动。

The compact city presents a convivial vision with pedestrian traffic in mind. An urban model associated with a more densified cityscape, it is characterized by sustained mixed-use development. The presence of pedestrian traffic using mixed-use developments offers activity at every hour of the day. Schools and workplaces during working hours, restaurants and bars during the evening, and recreational spaces during the weekend, ensure consistent activity throughout the week.


4. 混合工作和临时办公室
4. Hybrid Working & Pop-Up Offices


Image © Jonathon Leijonhufvud

Covid疫情改变了人们的工作方式和地点，许多职业已放宽限制，许多人继续在家工作。然而，在数字化时代，过渡到混合工作是不可避免的吗？死板的办公室是否已成为过去？

WeWork是一家年轻的、着眼于未来的公司，它将空间重新想象成灵活的工作地点。也许这就是我们建筑环境中工作空间的未来，也是将其付诸实践的最可持续的手段。这对改善和再生的方法是有益的，包括适应性再利用和改造项目。它使废弃的区域重新成为活跃的工作中心，并有良好的公共交通连接。

The Covid catastrophe has completely changed the way in which we work and where. Many occupational developments have fallen empty and even with the easing of restrictions, many continue working from home. However, was the transition into hybrid working inevitably in the age of digitalization? Are rigid offices a thing of the past?
WeWork, a young enterprising company with the future in mind, reimagines spaces into flexible work destinations. Perhaps this is the future of our workspaces in our built environment and the most sustainable means of putting this into practice. It is beneficial in relation to methods of improvement and regeneration, including adaptive reuse and retrofitting projects. It revives areas of disuse into active working hubs, with excellent pedestrian and public transport routes.


Image Courtesy of WeWork

作为WeWork在伦敦的第28个办公地点，James Stirling的二级地标建筑No.1 Poultry已被改造成大型综合项目，其WeWork空间适合2800名会员使用。在保留结构的基础上，对原有的后现代外墙进行了改造，并辅以精心挑选的色彩、家具和艺术品，其灵感主要来自于其地理位置，在保留当地文化和身份的同时，改造强化了伦敦的遗产概念，同时创造了新的社会中心，提供了灵活的工作方案，为以前停滞的空间注入了活力。

As WeWork’s 28th London location, James Stirling’s Grade II listed landmark, No. 1 Poultry has been transformed into large mixed-use development, with a WeWork space suitable for 2800 members. Preserving the structure from a major facelift, the original postmodern façade has been carefully renovated and complemented with the carefully selected color, furnishings, and artwork heavily inspired by the surrounding location. Preserving local culture and identity, the transformation enforces London’s heritage whilst creating an exciting new social hub, offering flexible working solutions and an injection of activity in a previously stagnant space.


Image Courtesy of WeWork

分散式办公室位于住宅区附近，在城市景观中激活了建筑环境中的死角，重塑了缺乏功能的空旷建筑。WeWork现象通过适应性再利用来实现灵活性，为那些本来空闲和废弃的建筑赋予了新功能，实现了有助于建筑环境持续活动的目的。

Decentralized offices enforce the creation of numerous urban villages within the cityscape, due to their location near residential areas. This will activate the dead edges rampant in our built environment and fulfill empty buildings, lacking purpose and functionality. The WeWork phenomenon supports the idea of ensuring flexibility via adaptive reuse, to ensure buildings that would otherwise remain empty and disused, are given a new function, a purpose that contributes to the continued activity of the built environment.

5. 亲环境设计
5. Biophilic Design


Image © Patrick Bingham-Hall

将自然融入城市已被证明在人类健康和更广泛的环境方面具有积极的影响。亲生物设计在城市扩张中创造了绿洲，可以减少压力水平和污染，并改善地方感，同时可应用于再生领域，补充被忽视的建筑和场所地区，改善其环境。

创造一个以人为本的绿化城市，设计有吸引力的步行路线，鼓励娱乐活动，进一步激活了那些本来会保持荒凉的死角。它可以应用于历史或现代建筑，将空间交织包围在绿色的海洋里。

The integration of nature in our cities has been proven to have positive effects in terms of human health and the wider environment. Reducing stress levels, pollution and ultimately improving the sense of place, biophilic design creates an oasis within the urban sprawl and can be applied in regenerative efforts to replenish neglected buildings/areas and improve working environments.
Creating a human-centric environment and greening the urban realm, it creates attractive pedestrian routes and encourages recreational activities, further activating dead segments that would otherwise remain desolate. It can be applied to both the historic and contemporary fabric, intertwining and enclosing buildings in a green blanket.


Image © Frank Oudeman

亲环境设计最常用的方法是结合植被、自然元素和有机形状来模仿自然。将亲生物元素整合到再生策略中可以进一步提高有效性，在适应性再利用项目、混合用途开发以及从汽车主导城市向步行者主导城市的转变中得到应用。

The most prevalent approach to biophilic design is the incorporation of vegetation, natural elements, and organic shapes to mimic nature itself. Integration of biophilic elements within regeneration strategies can further its effectiveness, with the application within adaptive reuse projects, mixed-use development, and the transformation from car-dominated to pedestrian orientated cities.


Image Courtesy of Ronald Lu & Partners


Image Courtesy of Ricardo Bofill


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