© César Béjar
可持续发展：新的审美秩序
Sustainability: The New Aesthetic Order
由专筑网逸希，小R编译
在建筑史上，美的概念总是与不同的因素联系在一起，这些因素主要代表了特定时期的不同社会价值。时代精神对这些定义来说当然是至关重要的，因此，过去被认为美丽的事物如今可能会被赋予另一种内涵。在这个意义上，建筑的审美偏好似乎与建筑本身及其与世界的关系中隐含的象征意义有关。它们可以表达信念、意识形态和立场，以及道德、宗教、政治情感等，当然也是不同时代阶级地位的象征。
很长一段时间以来，大多数表达丰富的建筑都通过进口的材料、华丽的涂料、多样化的技术和精致的细节来表达意识形态。然而，在过去的几年里，我们可能会发现关于豪华的建筑形式及定义的转变。
对可持续发展和地球未来的关注已经成为所有人类活动的关键点，建筑设计也不例外。如今，意识到自然资源的脆弱和不可逆转的气候变化所引发的系统性风险变得更加迫切和重要。在今天，能够骑自行车上下班、生活居住在城市中而不污染环境、拥有一个大花园并能够自己种植、采摘蔬菜，建造一栋对低自然环境影响力的房子，降低碳排放，就地取材以及利用当地的劳动力即是奢侈。这种对可持续性发展的重视逐渐潜移默化，以至于大型高端企业将其作为营销口号及策略，但这并非总是符合现实和真实情况。
In the history of architecture the concept of beauty has always been linked to different factors that represent, mainly, the values of society in a given period. The zeitgeist is certainly crucial to these definitions, so something that was once considered beautiful in the past is likely to be given another connotation nowadays. In this sense, aesthetic preferences in architecture seem to be linked to symbolic references implicit in the construction itself and in its relation with the world. They are preferences that express convictions, ideologies and positions, as well as moral, religious, political feelings and, of course, class status symbols.
For some time now, most wealthy architectures have been expressing their ideology through imported materials, flashy coatings, exuberant techniques and exquisite details. However, it is possible to perceive a paradigm shift with regard to the definition of luxury in the last few years.
The concern with sustainability and the future of the planet has become a key point in all human activities, and architecture is not exempt. Nowadays, realizing the vulnerability of natural resources and the imminence of irreversible climate change has become a luxury. Today, luxury is being able to cycle to work, living in the city without polluting the environment, having a large garden and harvesting your own vegetables, building a house with minimal impact on the natural environment, with low carbon emissions and using local materials and labor. This appreciation of sustainability is so latent that large high-end enterprises use it as a slogan for their marketing strategy — which does not always correspond to reality.
© Carolina Mossin
从某种意义上说，以前的建筑建造受限于有限的经费预算和技术，现如今的建筑设计及建造已经上升到另外一个层次，成为一种非强制性的选择，而是一种深思熟虑后的决定。这种高端美学的重组已经进行了一段时间，其中某些元素在某些情况下表现为一种意识形态，而在另一些情况下则转变为一种需要。
不管怎样，无论这是否是一种真正的行为，重要的是要注意到在高端建筑美学中所传递出来的简单的元素甚至方言的融入，重塑美的概念，重新定义建筑的理想。
In this sense, construction elements and techniques that were previously related to limited budgets began to occupy another level, becoming not a mandatory choice, but a deliberate one. This restructuring of high-end aesthetics has been going on for some time with the incorporation of certain elements that in some contexts denote an ideology, while in others they may be a need.
Anyway, whether it is a genuine act or not, it is important to notice the incorporation of simple elements and even vernaculars in high-end buildings, modifying the conception of beauty and re-signifying the ideal of architecture.
© Manuel Sá
在这些元素中，夯土墙无疑占据了重要的位置。夯土被认为是一种经济的、可持续发展以及低影响力的建筑材料，在被大量的建造后逐步替代了高端建筑。在巴西Mantiqueira住宅项目中，夯土墙与木质结构进行对话，创造出对称的平衡感。在墨西哥地球之家的建筑建造案例中，夯土墙的使用将乡土建筑和当代建筑和谐统一在一起。夯土墙的使用意图创造乡土建筑和当代建筑之间的和谐，作为过去和现在之间的桥梁。在这种建筑语言中，Layer住宅的建造也使用当地工匠打造的土墙，位于葡萄牙的Vineyard住宅也是如此。
Within these elements, rammed earth walls undoubtedly occupy a great place. Considered an economical, sustainable and low-impact solution, rammed earth has conquered high-end architecture through its numerous applications. In the Brazilian project of House in Mantiqueira, the rammed earth walls dialogue with symmetrical balances and a wooden structure. In the Mexican example of Earth House, the rammed earth walls were used with the intention of creating harmony between vernacular and contemporary architecture, as a bridge between the past and the present. Still in this language, Layer House also uses local earth in its walls built by native artisans, as does Vineyard House, in Portugal.
© Shannon McGrath & Cortesia de ATKA arquitectos & Alexandre Gemper
茅草作为另外一种建筑材料，作为解决可持续性建造目标的绝佳案例，被赋予新的定义，同时在舒适的环境营造方面效果显著。正因为如此，它一直在高端建筑领域占据一席之地。墨西哥Punta Caliza酒店以茅草作为屋顶的主要自然元素，融入绿色景观，与日本的Wabi住宅一样，衍生于日式建筑的恬静之美，暗示出一种新的审美理想，则是在自然的不完美、无常和深邃中发现美，最主要的体现来源于自然的茅草屋顶。
Thatch is another element that has been re-signified as an excellent example of a sustainable constructive solution, and yet efficient in terms of environmental comfort. Precisely for this reason, it has been conquering its space in high-end constructions. Punta Caliza Hotel in Mexico blends in with the green landscape using thatch as the predominant natural element, in the same way that Wabi House, derived from the Japanese term wabi sabi, suggests an aesthetic ideal that finds beauty in the imperfection, impermanence and depth of nature, translated above all by the natural thatch roof.
© Edmund Sumner
竹屋，顾名思义，主要的亮点是由这种材料制成的建筑楼板、外立面等，以不同寻常的人字形进行排列。这座房子是为一对一生都在地中海航行的夫妇而建造的，它结合了混凝土块、天然石材和竹子等材料。无论是用作覆盖层(如Residência EA的内衬编织)，还是用作外部结构(如Casa Petro)，竹子也承担了不同的角色，超出了通常的范围并赢得了新的拨款。
At Bamboo House, as the name implies, the main highlight is the panels made of this material, arranged in an unusual herringbone shape. Built for a couple who spend their lives sailing in the Mediterranean, this house combines concrete blocks and natural stone with bamboo. Whether applied as a covering, as in the braiding in the lining of Residência EA, or as a brise, as in the case of Casa Petro, bamboo has also assumed different roles that go beyond the usual scope and create new appropriations.
© Maira Acayaba
© Denilson Machado – MCA Estúdio
最后但同样重要的是另一种被纳入高端建筑的常用材料库的软木。就其本质而言，软木是可回收以及可再生的，就像树木能够再生自己的树皮一样。软木几乎不受采伐过程的影响，由软木建造的建筑项目呈现出强大的视觉力，其同时也是打造可持续环境的不二选择。该材质还被应用于2012年的蛇形画廊展馆中，由Herzog & de Meuron 和Ai Weiwei设计。软木作为一种建筑材料，其在建筑建造中能够发挥不同的用途、建造出不同的形状，如Bonjardim住宅、Villa Extramuros或NH住宅等。
Last but not least, another popular material that has been incorporated into high-end buildings is cork. By its very nature, cork is recyclable and renewable, as the tree regenerates its own bark. Without suffering from the harvesting process, cork presents itself as a visually powerful and environmentally sustainable option for architectural projects. Used in the 2012 Serpentine Gallery Pavilion, designed by Herzog & de Meuron and Ai Weiwei, cork has taken on different uses and shapes, as seen at Bonjardim House, Villa Extramuros, or NH House.
© Jaume Prat
© Denilson Machado – MCA Estúdio
© Manuel Sá
© Edmund Sumner
© Shannon McGrath
© Maira Acayaba
© Alexandre Gemper
© Edmund Sumner
© Jaume Prat
© Carolina Mossin
© João Morgado
Cortesia de ATKA arquitectos & © Leo Espinosa
© João Morgado
© João Morgado
© Maira Acayaba
© Leo Espinosa
© Jaume Prat
© Alexandre Gemper
© Shannon McGrath
© Shannon McGrath
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