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什么是再生建筑？可持续设计的局限性、系统思考方法和未来
What is Regenerative Architecture? Limits of Sustainable Design, System Thinking Approach and the Future

由专筑网Zia，小R编译

建筑行业内一个不争的事实就是全球碳排放的40%来源于建筑环境，而这个统计数字使建筑专业人士背负了更大的责任。建筑业中的可持续发展理念是作为治愈环境破坏的一种方式，广泛的可持续发展实践目标并不高，只是让建筑环境“不那么糟糕”，以弥补当前和未来建筑造成的影响，所以可持续建筑的问题在于它仅仅做到了对现状的“维持”。

为了保持环境的现状，建筑界一直在努力实现更绿色的生产方式。传统上，绿色建筑采用主动或被动的措施，作为减少碳排放和保护环境的工具。大多数可持续发展的设计将建筑视为其自身的容器，而不是生态系统的组成部分。以地球目前的状况，这种方法是不够的。仅仅维持原有的自然环境并不够，我们还要进一步恢复其生态进程。

A heavily cited fact within the architecture industry is that the built environment accounts for 40% of global carbon emissions. The concerning statistic puts immense responsibility on construction professionals. The idea of sustainability in architecture urgently emerged as a way of bandaging environmental damage. A wide range of sustainability practices aims no higher than making buildings “less bad”, serving as inadequate measures for current and future architecture. The problem with sustainable architecture is that it stops with ‘sustaining’.
In order to maintain the current state of the environment, the architecture community has been working towards greener means of production. Conventionally, a green building employs active or passive features as a tool for reduction and conservation. Most sustainable designs view buildings as a vessel of their own rather than integrated parts of their ecosystem. With the planet’s current needs, this approach is not enough. It is not enough to sustain the natural environment, but also restore its processes.


什么是再生建筑？


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在生物学中，再生是指在生物体和生态系统中根据自然波动更新、恢复或生长组织的能力。当这个概念应用于建筑设计时，可以理解为模仿自然界中的恢复性结构。再生建筑是将自然作为建筑的媒介和发生器，现场的环境系统成为结构的组成部分，使建筑与整个生态系统和谐相处。

再生建筑需要一种前瞻性的方法。与可持续设计的建筑相比，再生建筑的设计和运作是为了扭转生态破坏，以及对自然环境产生正向的积极影响。从可持续发展的角度转向再生的角度，意味着建筑师应该关注如何能够设计出只使用有限资源，而且还能恢复资源的结构。再生还寻求促进更有弹性的环境，以抵御自然挑战。

What is Regenerative Architecture?
In biology, regeneration refers to the ability to renew, restore or grow tissues in organisms and ecosystems in accordance with natural fluctuations. When applied to building design, this can look like structures that mimic restorative aspects found in nature. Regenerative architecture is the practice of engaging the natural world as the medium for and generator of architecture. Living systems on the site become the building blocks of the structure built in harmony with the overall ecosystem.
Regenerative architecture demands a forward-thinking approach. In contrast to sustainably designed buildings, regenerative buildings are designed and operated to reverse ecological damage and have a net-positive impact on the natural environment. Shifting from a sustainability lens to a regenerative one means that architects should question how we can design structures that not only use limited resources but also restore them. Regeneration also seeks to facilitate a more resilient environment that can resist natural challenges.


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再生设计与可持续设计

可持续设计和再生设计似乎是不同的方法，可持续性限制了资源的使用，而再生则补充了资源。然而，可持续性是更大的再生模式的一个子集，这两种方法相互重叠，并包含类似的做法，但又各自强调不同的绿色目标。正如“减少”、“再利用”和“再循环”这些概念不能孤立运作一样，可持续发展通过形成补充资源的第一步——限制其消耗，为再生目标提供了前提。

这两种做法的不同之处在于它们的干预规模。再生设计要求建筑被看作是环境、场地、动植物和生态系统的延伸。建筑物被视为更大系统的一部分，帮助生产和分享资源，如清洁的水、能源和食物。例如，Splitterwerk和ARUP的SolarLeaf生物反应外墙，从海藻生物质和太阳热能中产生可再生能源，产生的能量可以被建筑使用，同时可以储存起来供未来使用，又或者提供给公用电网。

Regenerative vs. Sustainable Design
Sustainable and regenerative design may seem like different approaches - sustainability limits resource use, while regeneration replenishes them. Sustainability, however, is a subset of a larger regenerative model. Both methods overlap and incorporate similar practices, each emphasizing different green goals. Just as ‘reduce’, ‘reuse’ and ‘recycle’ can’t operate in isolation, sustainability practices lend a hand towards regenerative goals by forming the first step towards replenishing resources - limiting their consumption.
One way both practices differ is in their scale of interventions. Regenerative design demands architecture be seen as an extension of the place, the site, the flora and fauna, and the ecosystem. Buildings are treated as part of a larger system, helping to produce and share resources like clean water, energy, and food. For example, Splitterwerk and ARUP’s SolarLeaf bio-reactive façade generates renewable energy from algal biomass and solar heat. The energy generated can be used by the building, stored for future use, or provided to the utility grid.


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建筑中的系统思考

在设计一个再生环境时，采用系统的思考方法是很重要的。所有相关的和有贡献的实体都必须被考虑进来，进而衡量它们对整个生态系统的影响。设计必须考虑到建筑与微气候的关系，或者土壤与当地植物的关系。设计的系统必须实现实体之间的相互支持，确保实体之间有对等的输入与输出。每种关系都建立在其他关系之上，以创造更加强大、繁荣的“人类——自然”生态系统。

Golisano可持续发展研究所所长Nabil Nasr写道：“可持续发展是关于系统的，并确保我们考虑到宏观的画面，以便能够从各个角度解决问题。”建筑师必须通过系统方法对生态建筑有更深的理解，而不是将可持续设计元素作为一种粉饰的手法。建筑师必须从单纯的物体创造者转变为未来更广泛的系统设计参与者。系统思维可以使建筑师更清晰地认识到建筑世界是如何存在于社会、环境和商业网络中的，这些关系的快速变化是传统建筑业必须关注并讨论的。

Systems Thinking in Architecture
When designing a regenerative environment, it is important to adopt a systems approach to thinking. All relevant and contributing entities must be considered, measuring their networks of impact on the overall ecosystem. The design must account for how a building relates to the microclimate, or how the soil can support local flora. The designed system must allow for mutually supportive relationships between entities, making sure that there is equal give and take. Each relationship builds on the other to create a strong, thriving human-nature ecosystem.
“Sustainability is all about systems and making sure we’re thinking about the entire picture so we can address a problem from all angles”, writes Nabil Nasr, the Director of the Golisano Institute for Sustainability. Rather than employing sustainable design elements as a method of greenwashing, architects must develop a deeper understanding of eco-architecture through a systems approach. Architects must move away from being mere object creators and be involved in the design of broader systems for our future. Systems thinking allows architects to recognize how the built world exists within social, environmental, and business networks, which are changing at a rate that traditional architecture must rush to support.


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再生设计的必要性

再生设计过程从根本上说是植根于系统思考的方法。其措施可能包括模仿自然生物、空气净化表皮、净化水系统或碳捕获建筑。从可持续建筑到再生建筑的思想转变，将为解决困扰当今社会气候和生物多样性的紧急情况提供更好的策略。再生建筑将使建筑业能够“产生积极效益”，而不仅仅是“减少不利影响”。

The Need for Regenerative Design
The regenerative design process is fundamentally rooted in a system thinking approach. Interventions may include biomimicry to imitate nature, air-cleansing building skins, water-purifying structures, or carbon-capturing architecture. Shifting thoughts from sustainable to regenerative architecture will account for a better strategy to tackle the climate and biodiversity emergency that plagues society today. The regenerative architecture will allow the construction industry to “do good” rather than merely “less bad”.