惠特尼美国艺术博物馆 The Whitney Museum of American Art at Gansevoort. Image © Nic Lehoux

探索伦佐-皮亚诺标志性建筑中的被动式建筑策略
Exploring the Passive Architectural Strategies in Renzo Piano’s Iconic Buildings

由专筑网王沛儒，小R编译

毫不夸张地说，伦佐-皮亚诺是建筑界最受尊敬的建筑师之一。他的作品是对环境、轻量化和技术的结合，构成具有环保意识且美观的建筑，他的设计方法将先进材料与传统技术相结合。在各种规模的项目中，这位热那亚建筑师始终坚持一个基本思路：实施被动式策略，强调这些方法对可持续性和能源效率的重要性。这一点通常在他的草图中就已经明确提出，作为最初的关注点，并且在完成后的作品中得到清晰体现。以下是他的事务所近几十年来完成的一些具有代表性的项目实例。


伦敦，碎片大厦

这座摩天大楼是皮亚诺最著名的项目，融合了被动式设计元素和多项工程技术。大楼采用双层立面，改善了自然通风，减少了对人工制冷的需求。外层玻璃可以控制太阳辐射，而内层玻璃则起到隔热作用，大大降低了建筑能耗。外墙还安装了智能百叶窗控制系统，可全天动态调节，确保只在必要时使用，优化自然采光和热舒适度之间的平衡。这样可以最大限度地引入自然光，减少对人工照明的依赖，提高使用者的舒适度。

It's no exaggeration to say that Renzo Piano is one of the most unanimously respected architects in the world of architecture. With an oeuvre that blends respect for context, lightness and technology to create environmentally conscious and aesthetically pleasing structures, his approach combines advanced materials with traditional techniques. In projects of various scales, the Genoese architect maintains an essential thread: the implementation of passive architectural strategies, highlighting the importance of these methods for sustainability and energy efficiency. This is often made explicit in his sketches, as an initial concern, and clearly comes through in the finished works. Here are some examples of iconic projects developed by his office in recent decades.

The Shard, London
One of Piano's most famous projects, this skyscraper incorporates passive design elements along with a number of engineering feats. The building features a double façade, which improves natural ventilation and reduces the need for artificial cooling. This outer layer of glass allows solar gain to be controlled, while the inner layer provides thermal insulation, significantly reducing the building's energy consumption. The façade also has an intelligent blind control system that dynamically adjusts throughout the day, ensuring that they are only used when and where necessary, optimizing the balance between natural light and thermal comfort. This maximizes the entry of natural light, reducing dependence on artificial lighting and improving occupant comfort.


碎片大厦 The Shard. Image Cortesia de Renzo Piano Building Workshop

碎片大厦设计的一个独特之处在于，外层的玻璃板不相接，中间留有空隙。这些空间有利于空气在建筑内的流动，自然调节内部温度，这样就不需要大量地使用机械通风系统。有些楼层还设有冬季花园，通过精心布置的开口自然通风。这些花园可作为热缓冲区，改善建筑的隔热性能，并为使用者提供舒适的自然采光空间。这些区域的自然通风减少了对机械制冷的需求，提升建筑的整体可持续性。

A unique aspect of The Shard's design is the fact that the outer glass panels do not meet, leaving spaces between them. These spaces facilitate the constant flow of air around the building, naturally regulating the internal temperature without the need for extensive mechanical ventilation systems. Some floors also incorporate winter gardens, which are naturally ventilated through strategically placed openings. These act as thermal buffers, improving the building's insulation and providing pleasant, naturally lit spaces for occupants. Natural ventilation in these areas reduces the need for mechanical cooling, contributing to the building's overall sustainability.


碎片大厦 The Shard. Image © Michel Denancé

这个项目还采用了创新的热量管理方法。办公空间产生的多余热量被重新利用，为大楼内的酒店和公寓空间供暖，最大限度地减少了能源浪费。无法利用的多余热量则通过位于大楼顶部的散热器自然散发，从而防止过热，并保持内部温度的平衡。


加州科学院，旧金山

旧金山加州科学院是被动式设计策略和节能系统创新应用的另一个案例。在整个建筑中战略性地布置了大型玻璃窗和天窗，最大限度地增加了自然采光，改善了交叉通风，同时在一年中最炎热的几个月不会经受阳光直射。总体而言，90% 的使用空间都能获得自然光，看到外部景观。另一个元素是标志性的景观楼板，楼板上覆盖着本地植物，可以提供天然隔热，减少城市热岛效应。它还有利于雨水收集，促进生物多样性，防止雨水径流将污染物带入生态系统。

The project also uses an innovative approach for heat management. The excess heat generated by the office spaces is reused to heat the hotel and apartment spaces within the building, minimizing energy waste. Any excess heat that cannot be used is naturally dissipated through a radiator located at the top of the building, preventing overheating and maintaining a balanced internal climate.

California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco
The project for the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco is another example of the innovative use of passive design strategies and energy efficiency systems. Large glass windows and skylights strategically placed throughout the building maximize natural lighting and improve cross-ventilation, without allowing the entry of direct sunlight during the hottest months of the year. Overall, 90% of the occupied spaces have access to natural light and external views. Another element is the iconic landscaped slab, covered with native plants, which provides natural insulation and reduces the urban heat island effect. It also facilitates rainwater collection, promotes biodiversity and prevents rainwater runoff from carrying pollutants into the ecosystem.


加州科学院 California Academy of Sciences. Image Cortesia de Renzo Piano Building Workshop


加州科学院 California Academy of Sciences. Image Cortesia de Renzo Piano Building Workshop

另一个重要的组成部分是通风。博物馆的中心广场在一个巨大的玻璃屋顶下，夜间玻璃屋顶会打开，让新鲜空气进入建筑内。在主要的公共楼层，自动通风系统利用公园的自然气流，通过建筑四面的百叶窗调节内部温度。这些百叶窗昼夜开合，为建筑提供新鲜空气，降低温度。博物馆还安装了地暖，这也是节能的重要组成部分。埋设在混凝土地板中的管道输送热水，为人们活动的空间供暖，这个系统每年可减少建筑能耗约 10%。

Another important component is ventilation. The museum's central plaza is under a huge glass roof that opens at night to allow fresh air into the building. On the main public floor, an automated ventilation system takes advantage of Golden Gate Park's natural air currents to regulate internal temperatures through louvers on all four sides of the building. These open and close throughout the day and night, providing fresh air and cooling the building. The museum also uses underfloor heating, a key component of its energy efficiency. Pipes embedded in the concrete floors carry hot water, heating the spaces where people move around. This system reduces the building's energy needs by around 10% annually.


加州科学院 California Academy of Sciences. Image Cortesia de Renzo Piano Building Workshop


新喀里多尼亚，Tjibaou文化中心

Tjibaou文化中心是适应当地气候的被动式设计的典范；该项目位于太平洋的一个岛屿上。受传统卡纳克小屋的启发，建筑师通过策略性的开口设计促进空气流通，从而实现自然通风。建筑的朝向和当地材料的使用进一步提高了环境的和谐性和能源效率。这个项目场地是一个狭窄的半岛上，博物馆的十个木制体块位于海湾一侧，它们的弧形立面迎着盛行的海风。当地属于 “海洋性热带 ”气候，炎热潮湿，可以通过通风、微气候和遮阳设备实现高效的被动冷却系统。

Tjibaou Cultural Center, New Caledonia
The Tjibaou Cultural Center is an exemplary model of passive design adapted to the local climate; in this case, that of an island in the Pacific Ocean. Inspired by traditional Kanak huts, the project uses natural ventilation through strategically placed openings that promote airflow. The orientation of the buildings and the use of local materials further enhance their environmental harmony and energy efficiency. The project is located on a narrow peninsula near Noumea, with the museum's ten wooden volumes located on the bay side, their curved façades facing the prevailing sea winds. Noumea has a climate considered “oceanic tropical,” hot and humid, in which the incorporation of efficient passive cooling systems can be achieved through ventilation, microclimates and shading devices.


新喀里多尼亚，Tjibaou文化中心 Centre Culturel Jean-Marie Tjibaou. Image Cortesia de Renzo Piano Building Workshop


新喀里多尼亚，Tjibaou文化中心 Centre Culturel Jean-Marie Tjibaou. Image Cortesia de Renzo Piano Building Workshop

建筑位于山顶，可以最大限度地利用南风进行自然通风。岛屿的这一侧缺乏树木，使得风更容易进入，而东西两侧的高大树木可以将风引入建筑内。通风起到了被动冷却的作用，而陆地和周围水域的温差产生的新鲜空气则起到了补充作用。此外，自然通风采用了两个原理:烟囱效应和风力。空气在木片之间循环，双层板系统引入微风或引导对流。 外壳的设计可以引导这些气流，而内层则在底部和屋顶下方装有水平百叶。上面的百叶窗是固定的，可以平衡压力，防止损坏屋顶，下面的百叶窗可根据风的方向和强度进行调节，同时也起到遮阳的作用。


纽约，甘斯沃特，惠特尼美国艺术博物馆

惠特尼美国艺术博物馆位于纽约的肉类加工区，它采用了各种策略来提高其环保性能和可持续性，同时为艺术展览和参观者提供了一个舒适而充满活力的空间。在自然通风方面，建筑设置有可开启的窗户，让新鲜空气在整个空间循环，减少了对机械冷却系统的需求。博物馆的设计还最大限度地利用了自然光，策略性地安置了大窗户和天窗，让日光能够进入室内空间，减少了白天对人工照明的需求，降低了能源消耗，并为观看艺术提供了更加舒适的自然采光环境。窗户的设计还包括外部遮阳装置，以防止过多的热量进入，最大限度地减少制冷负荷。

The project is located on top of a hill to maximize natural ventilation, where it can take advantage of the winds from the south. The lack of trees on this side of the island makes it easier for the wind to enter, while tall trees on the east and west sides channel the wind into the project. Ventilation acts as passive cooling, complemented by fresh air generated by the temperature difference between the land and the surrounding water. In addition, two principles are used for natural ventilation: the chimney effect and wind forces. The air circulates between the pieces of wood, with a double panel system that brings in breezes or guides convection currents. The outer shell directs these currents with its design, while the inner skin has horizontal louvers at the base and below the roof. The upper louvers are fixed to balance the pressure, preventing damage to the roof, and the lower ones are adjustable according to the direction and intensity of the wind, also acting as shading for solar control.

The Whitney Museum of American Art at Gansevoort, New York
The Whitney Museum of American Art, located in New York's Meatpacking District, incorporates strategies that improve its environmental performance and sustainability, while providing a comfortable and dynamic space for art exhibitions and visitors. In terms of natural ventilation, the building has several operable windows, which allow fresh air to circulate throughout the spaces, reducing the need for mechanical cooling systems. The museum was also designed to maximize the use of natural light, and strategically placed large windows and skylights allow daylight to penetrate deep into the interior spaces. This reduces the need for artificial lighting during the day, lowering energy consumption and providing a more pleasant, naturally lit environment for viewing art. The design of the windows also includes external shading devices that prevent excessive heat gain, minimizing the cooling load.


甘斯沃特惠特尼美国艺术博物馆 The Whitney Museum of American Art at Gansevoort . Image © Nic Lehoux


甘斯沃特惠特尼美国艺术博物馆 The Whitney Museum of American Art at Gansevoort . Image Cortesia de Renzo Piano Building Workshop

博物馆设有多个室外露台，这些露台不仅具有美观和实用功能，还有助于提高建筑的环保性能。这些露台有屋顶绿植，可提供自然隔热效果，减少夏季热量的吸收和冬季热量的散失。建筑围护结构采用高性能玻璃和隔热材料，最大限度地减少热量传递。玻璃可以减少热量散失，同时让自然光进入，隔热材料有助于保持室内温度一致，从而提高能源效率。


意大利，皮奥神父朝圣教堂

位于意大利圣乔瓦尼-罗通多的帕德里-皮奥朝圣教堂以其有机和创新的设计而闻名，它采用了多项被动式策略，不仅改善了环境性能，还为游客营造了宁静和沉思的氛围。首先，这个教堂广泛利用热质量来稳定内部温度。厚厚的石墙白天吸收热量，晚上慢慢释放热量，从而保持了稳定舒适的内部气候。这种被动式热调节减少了对主动式供暖和制冷系统的需求，从而降低了能耗。

The museum also features several outdoor terraces designed not only for aesthetic and functional purposes, but also to contribute to the building's environmental performance. These include green roof elements that provide natural insulation, reducing heat gain in summer and heat loss in winter. The building envelope was designed with high-performance glazing and insulation materials to minimize heat transfer. The glazing reduces heat gain while allowing natural light in, and the insulation helps to maintain consistent interior temperatures, improving energy efficiency.

Padre Pio Pilgrimage Church, Italy
The Padre Pio Pilgrimage Church, located in San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy, is renowned for its organic and innovative design, incorporating several passive strategies that improve its environmental performance and create a serene and contemplative atmosphere for visitors. Firstly, the church makes extensive use of thermal mass to stabilize internal temperatures. The thick stone walls absorb heat during the day and release it slowly at night, maintaining a consistent and comfortable internal climate. This passive thermal regulation reduces the need for active heating and cooling systems, thus reducing energy consumption.


皮奥神父朝圣教堂 Padre Pio Pilgrimage Church. Image Cortesia de Renzo Piano Building Workshop


皮奥神父朝圣教堂 Padre Pio Pilgrimage Church. Image © Vittorio Grassi


皮奥神父朝圣教堂 Padre Pio Pilgrimage Church. Image © Vittorio Grassi

皮亚诺的设计巧妙地融入了自然光来增强精神体验，减少对人工照明的依赖。设计中精心布置了天窗和开口，把自然光引入室内空间，同时也营造出光与影的动态效果，提升了建筑的美感和精神环境。采光井用于将阳光引向特定区域，形成光线焦点，突出教堂的主要建筑和宗教元素。此外，设计中还加入了垂直通风井，以促进暖空气上升和排出，同时在较低楼层吸入冷空气，形成自然通风循环。

伦佐-皮亚诺的建筑杰作展示了被动设计策略与大型建筑项目的融合，提高可持续性和能源效率。通过采用这些策略，不仅减少了建筑对生态的影响，还创造出功能性和启发性的空间，成为未来建筑发展的典范，展示了智能和可持续设计的深远影响。

Piano's design strategically incorporates natural light to enhance the spiritual experience and reduce dependence on artificial lighting. It features carefully positioned skylights and openings that allow natural light to penetrate deep into the interior spaces, which also create a dynamic play of light and shadow, enhancing the aesthetic and spiritual environment. Light wells are used to direct sunlight to specific areas, creating focal points of light that highlight the main architectural and religious elements of the church. In addition, vertical ventilation shafts are integrated into the design to encourage warm air to rise and escape, while cooler air is drawn in at lower levels, creating a natural ventilation cycle.
Renzo Piano's architectural masterpieces demonstrate how passive design strategies can be effectively integrated into large-scale projects to increase sustainability and energy efficiency. By employing them, not only is the ecological footprint of his buildings reduced, but functional and inspiring spaces are created that serve as exemplary models for future architectural developments, showing the profound impact of intelligent and sustainable design.


加州科学院 California Academy of Sciences. Image © Tim Griffith


加州科学院 California Academy of Sciences. Image © Nic Lehoux


碎片大厦 The Shard. Image Cortesia de Renzo Piano Building Workshop


皮奥神父朝圣教堂 Padre Pio Pilgrimage Church. Image © Michel Denancé