世界历史遗迹保护基金会发布2025年度观察名单——这些濒危遗产亟待守护
The World Monuments Fund has announced its 2025 Watch – here are some of the endangered sites on the list
由专筑网Yinglin，小R编译
每两年，世界历史遗迹保护基金会（WMF）会遴选25处最具保护紧迫性的全球重要遗产。从安哥拉的现代主义地标到加沙的文化废墟，这些濒危遗产折射出人类文明的共同困境。
Every two years, the World Monuments Fund creates a list of 25 monuments of global significance deemed most in need of restoration. From a modernist icon in Angola to the cultural wreckage of Gaza, these are the heritage sites highlighted
安哥拉纳米贝电影制片厂
Cinema Studio Namibe, Angola
(Image credit: WALTER FERNANDES, GOETHE INSTITUT)
世界历史遗迹保护基金会观察名单旨在揭示因全球化、旅游业、冲突与气候变化等因素濒危的文化历史遗产。通过每两年一次的公开提名，唤起对脆弱遗产与关键修复项目的关注。
2025年度观察名单收到来自69个国家逾200项提名，最终仅有25处入选。WMF的评选标准涵盖遗产的在地性与全球价值、项目紧迫性及可行性。本年度名单覆盖29个国家——从巴勒斯坦到法国，甚至包含月球（后文详述）。
入选遗产将获得WMF多维支持：全球曝光度提升与专业技术扶持。基金会团队将与遗产地协作制定宣传、筹款及实地保护策略。
从非洲斯瓦希里海岸到土耳其安塔基亚古城，观察名单揭示的挑战恰是全球社会的缩影：撒哈拉以南非洲81%遗产受气候变化威胁；亚太地区62%面临快速城市化冲击；拉美与加勒比海地区主要压力来自旅游业；中东与北非则聚焦冲突与灾后重建。这印证着遗产保护与社会政治议题的深刻交织。
The World Monuments Fund’s Watch list identifies monuments of cultural and historical significance that are endangered by factors such as globalisation, tourism, conflict and climate change. An open call for nominations, which come from local groups or even individuals, is held every two years to call attention to at-risk heritage and key restoration projects.
This year, the Watch received over 200 nominations pertaining to heritage sites in 69 countries. However, there are only 25 places available. The WMF’s selection process considers things like a site’s local and global significance, the urgency of the proposed project, and its likelihood of success. The 2025 list spans 29 countries, ranging from Palestine to France, plus – more on this later – the Moon.
For selected sites, the WMF galvanises action in a number of ways: being on the Watch provides them with global recognition, but also concrete expertise. Members collaborate with sites to co-design strategies for awareness, fundraising and on-the-ground preservation.
From Africa’s Swahili Coast to the Old City of Antakya in Turkey, the types of challenges faced by monuments on the Watch reflect the problems we face as a global society. In Sub-Saharan Africa, for example, 81 per cent of 2025 Watch sites cited climate change as the main challenge faced. In Asia and the Pacific, 62 per cent cited rapid urbanisation and development. In Latin America and the Caribbean, the biggest problem was tourism, and in the Middle East and North Africa it was conflict and crisis recovery. This illustrates the extent to which heritage and conservation are wrapped up in social, political and geopolitical issues.
以下是2025观察名单中的部分重点遗产：
Here are some of the heritage sites prioritised by the WMF in 2025.
安哥拉纳米贝电影制片厂
Cinema Studio Namibe, Angola
(Image credit: WALTER FERNANDES)
上世纪40年代至70年代初期，安哥拉迎来影院建设热潮。这些最初由葡萄牙殖民政权作为宣传工具建造的影院，逐渐演变为社交与娱乐的公共空间，放映本土与国际影片。随着安哥拉独立战争爆发，影院转而放映反映解放运动革命思想的宣传材料。
位于莫桑梅德斯的纳米贝电影制片厂是这一时期的标志性建筑。由葡萄牙建筑师José Botelho Pereira设计，该建筑是“热带现代主义”建筑的典范，映射着20世纪安哥拉的文化政治史。工程始于1973年，但因1975年安哥拉内战爆发而夭折。
在时间洪流的冲击下，如今的纳米贝电影制片厂与同期影院共同陷入了衰败境地。近期莫桑梅德斯的城市更新计划使其重获关注。
Between 1940 and the early-1970s, Angola saw a surge in the construction of cinemas. Initially created by the Portuguese colonial regime as instruments for propaganda, these theatres became popular spaces for socialising and entertainment, showing national and international films and then, following the onset of Angola’s War of Independence, material that reflected the revolutionary ideas of the liberation movement.
The construction of these cinemas coincided with the modernist movement, resulting in fantastic structures like the Cinema Studio Namibe, located in Moçâmedes (formerly Namibe). Designed by Portuguese architect José Botelho Pereira, this is a prime example of tropical modernist architecture, and echoes the cultural and political history of twentieth-century Angola. Construction began in 1973, but never completed due to the outbreak of the Angolan Civil War two years later.
Today, the Cinema Studio Namibe lies in a state of decay, as do many of the cinemas built around the same time. Recent urban regeneration initiatives in Moçâmedes, however, have brought attention to its state.
中国麦积山与云冈石窟
Buddhist grottoes of Maijishan and Yungang, China
(Image credit: Shutterstock)
佛教石窟是古代中国杰出的遗产。位于中国北方的麦积山和云冈的岩刻建筑中，有许多洞窟寺庙，其中一些洞窟内包含了数百个手工挖掘的祈祷厅和壁龛。石窟艺术是华夏文明的重要遗产。甘肃麦积山现存194窟7200余尊雕塑与壁画，山西云冈石窟肇建于5-6世纪北魏时期。
二者虽均被列为世界遗产，却面临大规模旅游的冲击：麦积山年接待游客约100万人次，旺季单日流量高达1.3万人，致使其悬空栈道不堪重负。两地亟需制定更完善的参观管理与保护策略，以平衡游客的到访与遗产保护。
Buddhist grottoes are among the most remarkable legacies of ancient China. The rock-cut architecture at Maijishan and Yungang in northern China is home to cave temples, some containing hundreds of hand-excavated prayer halls and niches. The Maijishan grottoes, located in the mountains of Gansu Province, contain 194 caves housing over 7,200 sculptures and murals. The Yungang grottoes, in Shanxi Province, were created during the Northern Wei Dynasty in the fifth and sixth centuries.
Both Maijishan and Yungang are designated as World Heritage Sites, and are increasingly threatened by the impact of mass tourism. Around one million people visit Maijishan each year, with as many as 13,000 per day during peak season, putting immense strain on the cantilevered walkways. Both sites need improved visitation and preservation strategies to help balance accessibility and protection.
巴勒斯坦加沙历史城区
Gaza historic urban fabric, Palestine
(Image credit: Getty Images)
近期冲突对加沙文化遗产造成毁灭性打击。根据世界银行、欧盟与联合国2024年3月的评估，63%的遗产遭受破坏，31%完全损毁。联合国教科文组织统计显示，以色列轰炸已损毁75处遗产，其中包括：建于12世纪的圣波菲里教堂（加沙现存最古老教堂）、加沙规模最大且历史最悠久的大欧玛里清真寺，以及可追溯至前伊斯兰时期撒玛利亚文明的萨马拉浴场。这片土地承载着约1.2万年的文明史。
文化遗产的毁灭不仅抹除历史记忆，更削弱社区韧性、身份认同与士气，使得遗产保护成为长期重建的核心环节。
The recent conflict in Gaza has taken a devastating toll on its cultural landmarks. According to an assessment by the World Bank, European Union and United Nations conducted nearly a year ago, in March 2024, 63 per cent of Gaza’s heritage sites had sustained damage, with 31 per cent completely destroyed. According to Unesco, Israeli bombardment has damaged or destroyed 75 heritage sites, many of which reflect Gaza’s role as a crossroads of civilisations: the Church of Saint Porphyrius, for example, is the oldest active church in Gaza, built in the 1100s. The Great Omari Mosque is Gaza’s largest and oldest mosque, and Hammam al-Sammara, a bathhouse, has pre-Islamic Samaritan origins. This region is replete with cultural history spanning approximately 12,000 years.
The destruction of heritage not only erases the past but also undermines community resilience, identity and morale, making preservation integral to long-term reconstruction.
美国缅因州历史灯塔群
Historic lighthouses of Maine, USA
(Image credit: Dominic Trapani)
缅因州灯塔是该州工业与繁荣历史的象征。启用于1791年的波特兰头灯塔是最古老的灯塔，与后续建造的68座灯塔共同守护海岸线至1910年。这些灯塔频繁现身美国文学与流行文化，如朗费罗诗作《灯塔》与1994年电影《阿甘正传》。
现存66座历史灯塔中，57座仍在使用自动化技术导航。然而，海平面上升与风暴潮加剧正威胁其存续。
Maine’s lighthouses serve as beacons of the state’s history of industry and prosperity. They guarded its coastline for centuries, with the Portland Head Light, Maine’s oldest lighthouse, first being lit in 1791. A further 68 were constructed by 1910 – these lighthouses have featured prominently in American literature and popular culture, including Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s poem The Lighthouse and the 1994 film Forrest Gump.
Today, 66 of Maine’s historic light stations remain, 57 of which still guide sailors using modern automated techniques. However, climate change – specifically rising sea levels and increased storm surges – poses a significant threat.
月球遗产
The Moon
(Image credit: NASA)
月球竟成濒危遗产？若将1969年阿波罗11号登月视为人类重大科学文化里程碑，便不难理解其保护意义。月表现存90余处历史遗址，包括阿波罗11号着陆点“静海基地”与尼尔·阿姆斯特朗的足迹。
随着SpaceX等私营企业推动新一轮太空探索，以及全球太空经济（预计2035年达1.8万亿美元）催生的月球开发热潮，WMF呼吁建立长效保护机制，守护这些“人类文明方舟”。
The Moon, an endangered monument? Apparently so. When you think about the fact that the Apollo 11 mission of 1969 was one of humanity’s most significant scientific and cultural milestones, it makes sense. The Moon is home to over 90 historic sites and artifacts, including Tranquility Base, where Apollo 11 landed, and Neil Armstrong’s first footprints.
As we sit on the precipice of a new era of space exploration driven by private companies such as SpaceX, and as the global space economy, projected to reach $1.8 trillion by 2035, drives increased activity on the Moon’s surface, WMF suggests that we need to consider the long-term protection of our lunar heritage.
其它名单如下：
Also on the 2025 Watch list…
秘鲁瓦鲁古农田系统
War Waru agricultural fields, Peru
(Image credit: World Monuments Fund)
印度布杰古城历史水系
Bhuj historic water systems, India
(Image credit: Shutterstock)
阿尔巴尼亚德里诺河谷修道院群
Monasteries of Drino Valley, Albania
(Image credit: World Monuments Fund)
突尼斯麦地那古城蓄水池
Water reservoirs of the Tunis Medina, Tunisia
(Image credit: Adobe Stock)
乌克兰基辅教师之家
Kyiv Teacher’s House, Ukraine
(Image credit: World Monuments Fund)
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