植物种植设计中应该避免的十种常见错误
10 Common Mistakes You Should Avoid When Making a Planting Plan

由专筑网范偲慧，杨帆编译

对景观设计师们来说，植物种植设计就像是冰淇淋圣代上的樱桃一样，起着画龙点睛的作用：将设计和理念有机结合在一起。优秀的景观设计会分割出不同风格的空间，促进人们交流和发展。

打造出色的的植物设计并不容易，有些事情在开始之前就要考虑清楚。下面我们会列举一些你在今后的设计当中必须避免的错误：

For a landscape architect, the planting plan is like the cherry on top of the ice cream sundae: It makes the design and concept come together. A good planting plan creates a framework allowing people to interact and thrive in different environments.
But creating a good planting plan can be tricky. There are a few things you should be aware of before setting out on this task. We are going to help you along the way by listing a few bullet points you definitely should avoid:


1.选择有毒的植物

植物种类繁多，很容易让我们混淆，有些可以食用，有些却有毒，而另一些可能会弄伤你的皮肤。但无论如何，我们都必须避免在公共场所或者在会有儿童玩耍的私家花园种植有毒植物。毛地黄就是一种常见的有剧毒的花，我们可以用蜀葵来代替毛地黄。还有一些需要注意的有毒植物包括水芹、毛茛、铃兰、风信子、夹竹桃、鸢尾。

进行种植设计必须仔细查阅图表、书籍或者其他资源，确认所选用的植物是否有毒。对未知的植物我们需持保留态度，对下一代的教育也是如此。


2.选择有危险性的树种

在种植设计中，危险的树种要慎选，这可能会导致非常可怕的后果。例如银枫和布拉德福德梨树，它们都非常容易遭受雷击而断裂。


3.使用零散的颜色

少即是多！纵然颜色是设计中非常重要的一部分，但是太多分散的颜色会使人产生混乱。首先你要确定主要植物，然后添加少许颜色来进行搭配，例如可以选择它的调和色或者对比色。调和色是指在色轮上相邻的颜色，色调相同（比如紫色和蓝色或者黄色和橙色）。

1. Choosing Poisonous Plants
It is easy to be deceived by plants; one part may be edible while another is poisonous. Others can hurt if you get them on your skin. Whatever you do, avoid planting poisonous plants in public spaces or in private gardens where children will be present. Foxglove is an example of a common flower that is highly poisonous. A good alternative for Foxglove is Hollyhock. Other poisonous plants include Water Hemlock, buttercups, Lily-of-the-Valley, Hyacinth, Oleander, and Iris.
Check charts, books, or other sources for poisonous plants that apply to your country before making a planting plan. Treat unknown plants with respect, and teach your children to do the same.

2. Selecting Dangerous Trees
It’s scary how dangerous trees can be, so be careful with the type of trees you are choosing for you planting plan. Take the Silver Maple and the Bradford Pear, for example. Both are prone to lightning strikes and to splitting.
   
3. Using Scattered Colors
Less is more! Color is a powerful design tool. Too much sense of color without harmony can become a distraction. Choose your key plant and add color combinations that blend well with it. For example, you will want to select either harmonious or contrasting colors. Harmonious colors are found next to each other on the color wheel and share similar values (i.e. violet and blue or yellow and orange).
   

你觉得选择这种颜色怎么样？/What do you think of this color selection? Photography Credits Go To Eran Karu

4.种植设计不考虑四季气候变化

目前大量的种植设计只考虑到春夏两个季节，事实上世界大部分地区都四季分明，我们需要考虑四季皆宜的景观。四季皆宜的种植设计重点在于选择合适的当地物种，而颜色搭配技巧在于组团种植，最好是一丛凋谢，另一丛盛开。

植物的选择取决于地理位置和光照量，下面是一些季节性植物的搭配建议：

•        春季：郁金香、番红花、雪花莲、水仙、牡丹、三色堇、连翘
•        夏季：黄花菜、松果菊、百日草、旱金莲、玫瑰、绣球花
•        秋季：紫菀、观赏草、菊花、秋海棠、观赏羽衣甘蓝、景天属植物
•        冬季：常绿冬青木、火棘、唐棣属灌木

4. Not Planting for the Season
A lot of planting plans only address spring and summer, but there are so many climates around the world that need to take into account an all-season landscape. Designing year-round gardens begins with choosing appropriate plants for your region. The trick for color through the seasons is to group plants so that as one clump fades, perennials nearby are coming into flower.
Depending on where you live and the amount of sunlight your gardenreceives, these are suggestions for seasonal plants:
•        Spring: Tulip, Crocus, Snowdrop, Daffodil, Peony, Pansy, or Forsythia
•        Summer: Daylily, Coneflower, Zinnia, Nasturtium, Rose, or Hydrangea
•        Fall: Asters, Ornamental grasses, Mums, Hardy begonias, Ornamental kale, or Sedum
•        Winter: Evergreen Hollies, firethorn, or chokeberry bushes


衢州鹿鸣园/Quzhou Luming Park. Photos courtesy of Turenscape.

5.忽略阳光因素

在植物种植设计中你是否考虑过阳光照射条件？你是否知道设计区域每天有几小时处于满阳光照射状态？忽略阳光和阴影分析，会导致设计方案的重点从是否浪漫转变为能否存活。而四季的颜色变化在阳光灿烂的花园里才更容易实现。大部分耐阴的多年生宿根花卉在季节变换早期就开花，而当其他花卉开花时已经凋谢，因此，一个向阴的花园总是无法像向阳的花园一样色彩斑斓。


6.种植过密或者过疏

在种植设计中，我们要留有足够的空间供植物生长，但是过疏的种植会使景观看上去“营养不良”，像是沙漠。理想的种植空间是当它们处于成熟形态时既不影响各自的生长，又不至于使地表裸露。

另一个建议是在水平或垂直方向考虑重复的种植模式，通过重复的颜色、形式、间距或者植物纹理，打造一个可识别模式的植物景观。


7.选择不适应当地土壤的植物

如果你选择的乔木、灌木或者其他植物并不适应当地的土壤条件，会让你非常头疼，好比你选择了一种适合在沙土中生长的植物，而种植的土壤却是黏土。因此在设计前要先查询图表或者书籍，以确保你选用的植物是最适合当地土壤条件的。


8.忽略覆土深度

另一个要点是要提前向你的客户反复确认设计区域内的覆土深度，这样才能决定选择哪些乔木、灌木和草本植物，分别种在什么位置。这点特别重要，尤其是地下车库的屋顶设计或者类似的其他项目。在开展种植设计前要和客户明确覆土深度，最好争取加厚覆土以确保植物更好地生长，这也会减少你后续工作的麻烦。

5. Ignoring the Sun
Have you remembered to plant for the sun? Do you know how many hours of full sunlight the outdoor area will get each day? Ignoring the importance of a sun/shadow analysis can cost you a beautiful planting plan in regard to its lusciousness and will to survive. Color through the season is also easier to achieve in a sunny garden. Most shade-tolerant perennials bloom early in the season, so a shade garden will not be as colorful as a sunny flower garden.
   
6. Over-planting or Under-planting
Be sure to give the plants enough space, but remember that too much space between plants will make the design look less luscious and more like a desert. The ideal space when arranging individual plants in the beds is to space them so that they will touch when they reach mature size.
Another tip is to think about vertical and horizontal layers with a repeating pattern of plants. By repeating colors, forms, spacing, or textures of plants throughout your planting plan, you will create a recognizable pattern in the landscape.
   
7. Choosing Non-site-specific Plants
Not checking what type of trees, shrubs, and plants will do well on your site and in the soil you have can cause you a massive headache. Have you decided to use a plant that is suitable for sandy soils, but really you’re on clay soil? Look for information in charts or books to make sure you are planning for the best possible plants for your soil conditions.
   
8. Ignoring Soil Depth
Another important point (which cannot be said enough) is to double-check and agree on all soil depths with the client ahead of time, then decide what plant,tree, or shrub goes where. This is especially important when you are planting on top of a parking complex or some place similar. Clear it up with the client (fight for depth!) before you start making your planting plan. This will make your job so much easier, and the trees, plants, or shrubs you choose will live happily ever after.
   

Roofpark Vierhavenstrip. Photo credit: Stijn Brakkee

9.乔木和建筑太靠近

这是一个新手设计师常犯的错误——他们种植的景观乔木太靠近建筑物，最后导致树木不仅挡住了建筑内的光线还可能破坏建筑结构，产生危险。

9. Planting a Tree Too Close to a Structure
This is a common mistake by new designers — they plant ornamental trees too close to a house or building and the plants end up growing into the structure and blocking the light.
   

树中佛头/Buddha Head in Tree. By Tommy Tang – Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0,

10.忽略了植物根系的强大

很多树木都拥有非常强大的根系，可以很轻松地破坏房屋或掩埋池的基础，干扰水和天然气管道，堵塞下水管道等。切记，如果你不确定所留空间是否足够，为了稳妥起见请将树移栽到更远的地方。

另一个要点是不要将植物种在离人行道太近的地方，这不仅抑制了植物所需的水和养分，还可能有潜在危险而破坏人行道。举一个水白桦的例子，过去水白桦经常被用作行道树，很快人们就发现这些树木的根系会像水管一样在地下寻找水源，导致路面被高度破坏甚至撕裂。

最后要说的是，优秀的种植设计不需要太过复杂，只要能帮助你更好地表达你的想法以及更好地选择你需要的植物即可。

10. Ignoring the Powerful Roots of Trees and Shrubs
Many trees have a powerful root system that can easily damage the foundation of your house or in-ground pool, or interfere with water, natural gas, or sewage lines. Stay clear, and if you are unsure if it’s enough space, play it safe and move the tree farther away.
Another important thing to remember is to not put the plants too close to the pavement; you are both choking off the plants’ nutrients and water and potentially damaging the pavement. An example of a powerful tree is the RiverBirch. In the past, these trees were used as foundation plantings, but people soon discovered that their roots seek water — sometimes in the form of water pipes, which can be highly destructive and even tear up pavement.
Lastly, a planting plan does not have to be complicated; it can help you organize ideas and help you select the plants you’re using.
Good luck!


出处：本文译自landarchs.com/，转载请注明出处。