我们为什么需要将自然环境引入到建筑当中？并且我们该如何去做？
How (and Why) to Let Weather Into Your Buildings

由专筑网芮万里，李韧编译

想要将自然气候引入到建筑内部，这通常与我们设置建筑维护表皮的初衷相违背。

然而，俄勒冈大学在华盛顿邮报上发表的新的研究成果向人们展示了将自然环境引入室内对人们在生理和心理上的好处。

自然环境和气候变化的迹象都有利于我们人类，然而当我们处于室内的时候，我们却无法接触到自然，并且现在的人类一生中有90%的时间都是在室内度过。

另外，即使是位于一座城市的环境之中，人们也很难能够亲近自然，同样也很难感受到自然气候带来的好处。

当研究人员找到将风以及太阳斑驳的光影引入室内的方法时，他们发现当人们置身于自然环境的时候，他们的心率会降低，同时也会比待在人工环境中更加专注。

到目前为止，绿色建筑已经是一个人们熟悉的概念，但是华盛顿邮报的文章提出，我们现如今所认知的绿色建筑已经远远超过了最初对于绿色建筑的定义。

虽然绿色建筑在新建筑中非常杰出，但是它也隔绝了人们对于自然环境的接触。

在理想的情况下，建筑物应该积极展示它们同自然之间的关系，而不是仅仅只停留在对自然无害的层面。

多增加现有的一些建筑可持续发展的技术活动能够帮助居民了解绿色建筑的特点。

这篇文章中的一个例子就是通过在一个轻质框架上增加一层浅浅的水面，微风吹动，水面泛起涟漪，在阳光的照射下，水纹的图案倒映在天花板上。

阳光，微风以及雨水这些自然元素已经被证明能够安抚建筑中的居住者的内心。

这篇文章中的研究人员甚至研究了这些自然环境能不能通过软件进行模拟，但是他们最终发现人工模拟的环境无法代替真正的自然环境。

然而，在住宅项目中将自然环境引入到设计中并不困难，但是对于一些机构项目，如医院、学校以及办公楼而言，要做到这一点则具有更大的挑战性。

因而建筑师有哪些巧妙的技巧使他们在设计中能够添加与自然的接触呢？以下，我们列出了几个精选的小型项目，其中每一个项目都运用了不同的创新技术将自然和地球带来的好处同他们的居住者联系在了一起。

Bringing the weather inside is usually the opposite of what you want from a building envelope.
However, new research from the University of Oregon, described in an article by The Washington Post, aims to show the physical and psychological benefits of letting nature inside.
Signs of nature and change are both beneficial to our well-being, yet we don’t always have access to them when inside buildings—and humans are now spending 90% of our lives inside.
But even in an urban setting, where nature may be hard to come by, there’s no escaping the weather.
When researchers found ways to bring things like wind and dappled reflections of the sun inside, they found that exposure to these natural movements lowered heart rates, while being less distracting than similar artificially generated movements.
By now, green buildings are a familiar concept, but the article in The Washington Post proposes moving beyond green buildings as we know them today.
While green building can be great in new construction, that excludes a lot of existing buildings that could and should also benefit from an intervention of nature.
Ideally, buildings should actively demonstrate their relationship with nature, moving beyond simply “doing no harm.”
Adding movement to existing sustainable building techniques can help make inhabitants aware of these green features.
An example from the article involves adding a shallow layer of water to a light shelf, which is then rippled by wind, creating sunlight patterns across the ceiling.
The movements of light, wind, and rain have been shown to have a calming effect on building occupants.
The researchers in the article even studied whether these natural movements could be replicated by software but found that the artificially-generated movements were no substitute for live nature.
However, while bringing nature into the design is often fairly simple in projects such as houses, it can be more of a challenge in institutional projects such as hospitals, schools, and offices.
So what smart tricks can be used by architects to add a natural touch to their designs? Below, we have listed a small selection of projects which have each used a different innovative technique to incorporate nature for the benefit of their occupants and the planet.

  
圣菲波哥大基金会/El Equipo de Mazzanti

© Alejandro Arango

在波哥大，设计者计划创建一个“花园医院”，甚至还加入了阳光房，外露的自然环境将有益于病人的痊愈。

通过种植植物以及对于砖块的创新性地使用，阳光房形成了围合的空间的同时也能够获得变化的光影效果、自然通风以及由植物释放出来的新鲜的空气。

整个阳光房允许病人们通过围合的小隔间或是直接在庭院中同自然进行接触，因而这也大大降低了病人在医院的康复时间。

Santa Fe de Bogotá Foundation / El Equipo de Mazzanti
In urban Bogotá, this effort at creating a “garden hospital” incorporates a solarium space where exposure to nature can be a beneficial part of patient treatment.
Through planting and an innovative use of brick, the solarium is protected yet gives access to shifting light patterns, natural ventilation, and fresh air from the plants.
The solarium allows patients to have contact with nature via protected cubicles or directly on the patio, and as a result the hospital has since seen a reduction in recovery time.


英国奥尔德姆市Maggie疗养中心/dRMM

© Alex de Rijke

这是Maggie中心专门为癌症病人打造的康复中心。

Maggie中心通过利用自然环境进行对病人的治疗，尤其是利用了树木和木材。

整个康复中心都是围绕着一颗树而建造，这棵树在建筑的中心生长并且通过玻璃墙壁能够使康复中心的人们在任何地方都能够看见它。

Maggie’s Oldham / dRMM
Another health center, Maggie’s specializes in support for those affected by cancer.
This particular Maggie’s Centre focuses on the healing aspects of nature, specifically of trees and wood.
The center is built around a tree, which grows up through the middle of the building and can be viewed through glass walls from anywhere within the space.


KMC企业办公楼/ RMA Architects

© Carlos Chen

这栋办公楼重新考虑了“绿墙”的概念，它拥有双层表皮系统，即有一个含有完整的水培养隔间、以及喷雾系统的绿植外墙表面。

植物调节着建筑内部的光和空气，并且通过栽培和组织不同种类的植物在建筑外部创造出随季节变化的美观立面。

KMC Corporate Office / RMA Architects
This office building rethinks the concept of a “green wall” with a double-skin system that includes integral hydroponic trays and a misting system on its outer plant-wall façade.
The vegetation modulates light and air within the building and different plant species are organized to create a seasonal aesthetic change on the building’s exterior.


砖块被动式技术大学/Taisei Corporation

© Hiroyuki Oki

地处热带的越南，这所大学通过使用被动式策略来维持室内的舒适感。

巨大的顶棚创造了一个半室外的平台，使室内免受阳光的暴晒和暴雨的突袭，并且砖块的空隙也让自然光线渗透进入室内。

砖块之间形成的小洞图案能够分散射入的阳光，从而能够在一天中创造出不同的光影变化。

在这里上课的学生能够免受烈日和暴雨的侵袭同时仍然能够与自然相处。

Brick Passive Designed University / Taisei Corporation
In tropical Vietnam, this university building uses passive strategies to maintain comfort.
Large canopies create a semi-outdoor terrace protected from the sun and rain and porous brick screens allow natural light.
The small openings in the brick pattern scatter the sunlight coming through, creating constant change throughout the day.
Students are protected, yet not isolated, from nature.


EDU总部/Empresa de Desarrollo Urbano EDU + Salmaan Craig

© Alejandro Arango

在哥伦比亚的麦德林，新的EDU总部大楼的设计目标是成为一栋“会呼吸的建筑”，并且在技术上使用了一种创新的被动通风策略。

浮力通风能够更好地增加建筑的占有率，并且这种方法比风力通风更加可靠。

即使没有风，浮力通风也能够持续使整个建筑里的空气不断流动。

EDU Headquarters / Empresa de Desarrollo Urbano EDU + Salmaan Craig
In Medellin, Colombia, the new EDU Headquarters building aims to be a “building that breathes,” utilizing an innovative type of passive ventilation.
Buoyancy ventilation is better able to respond to increases in the building’s occupancy and is more reliable than wind-driven ventilation.
Even without wind, buoyancy ventilation can sustain a pleasant breeze throughout the building.


竹北接待中心/CYS.ASDO

© K. M. Lee

建筑师将自然空间通过框架编织并穿过整个办公空间，边框的限定呈现出了特殊的景观模式，形成随阳光变化的阴影关系，从而展现出来时间和季节的变化。

建筑师还通过将室内外空间相互结合，从而创造了开放和透明的建筑空间。

当然，在最后，别忘了去华盛顿邮报寻找将自然引入建筑背后的科学原理。

Chupei Reception Center / CYS.ASDO
As nature weaves throughout this office space, specific views are framed, creating shadows that mark the passing of hours and seasons as they change.
The form of the building creates openness and transparency for a blended indoor/outdoor experience.
And of course, don't forget to find out about the science behind nature in buildings over at The Washington Post.


出处：本文译自www.archdaily.com/，转载请注明出处。