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© Mike Schwartz
AD经典：史密斯住宅
AD Classics: Smith House / Richard Meier & Partners
由专筑网李韧，王帅编译
五十年前，Carole Smith给理查德•迈耶打电话，跟他讨论关于她与自己的丈夫共同购买的一块土地的问题，这块地位于美国康涅狄格州达里恩。该区域地处多岩石的海滨，这里绿树繁密，场地的前后有着一定的高差，Carole希望能够在这里度过周末时光，于是把这个项目交由迈耶负责，那时，这位建筑大师才31岁。
史密斯住宅于1965年至1967年设计施工，由迈耶建筑事务所负责设计，迈耶认为，这个项目对于他的建筑事业起到了极大的推动作用，他曾经说道：“离开Marcel Breuer的工作室之后，我在一座两室的公寓里开始了自己的事业。有一天，我接到Carole Smith的电话，问我是否有兴趣为她在康涅狄格州达里恩的住宅进行设计工作，她希望找一位年轻的建筑师，来为她设计住宅。”
我们查阅了许多大众并不熟知的照片和建筑师的独家采访，来追溯这座建筑的发展历史。
Five decades ago, Carole Smith called Richard Meier and told him about a site in Darien, Connecticut that she had bought with her husband. This was a rocky piece of land with dense evergreens and coastal outcrops. A dramatic slope at the back of the plot gave way to the Long Island Sound and a small, sandy cove. Carole wanted to place her weekend home on this particular site and she wanted Richard Meier to do it. At that time, he was just 31.
The Smith House was built between 1965-1967 by Richard Meier & Partners Architects. Richard Meier recalls of the project that would later propel his career as an architect: I was working out of one room of a two-room apartment shortly after leaving the office of Marcel Breuer. One day I had a call from Carole Smith asking if I would be interested in designing a weekend house for her in Darien, Connecticut. She was looking for a young architect who would give full attention to her house.
In never-before-seen photos and an exclusive interview with the architect himself, we trace the building's history from first phases of construction to now.
Courtesy of Richard Meier & Partners Architects
当迈耶来到项目现场，他发现这个项目的造价并不低，因为周边几乎都是岩石，那么这就会有很高的挖掘成本，所以，迈耶决定通过竖向扩展方式来设计住宅，而不是运用传统的水平排布，这样能够充分利用岩石景观，也能够降低成本，并让建筑具有空间感。
When Meier arrived on-site, he realized that the original plan for a sprawling ranch house would be the most expensive type to build: the land’s foundation was almost entirely rock, and excavation costs would put the project’s budget over the top. Instead, Meier opted to extend vertically instead of horizontally, so that it would be both more cost-effective and more spatially interesting, given the rocky, coastal landscape. This was the beginning of the design process.
Courtesy of Richard Meier & Partners Architects
Courtesy of Richard Meier & Partners Architects
Courtesy of Richard Meier & Partners Architects
迈耶希望能够在公共和私人区域之间形成空间上的分隔，这也是这座住宅拥有神秘感和令人惊叹的地方。大多数住宅的前部都设置为迎接客人的地方，而后方是居住者的卧室，但史密斯住宅却恰恰相反，迈耶将沿街面设计为并不起眼的封闭白色方盒子，结合着深色的玻璃入口，这里是住宅的私密区域。
Meier wanted to create a programmatic separation between public and private areas. This is also how the house maintains some element of enigmatic mystery and surprise. Whereas most houses put on a welcoming show on the front and have their private rooms enclosed in the rear, Smith House takes an opposite route. The street-facing side of the house, where visitors enter, appears as an unassuming opaque white box punctured with dark glass openings. This is the private side of the house, encompassing a series of "closed, cellular spaces."
© Mike Schwartz
这座住宅的功能流线布局非常独特，尤其是私人区域和公共区域之间的转换。为了提升建筑的空间感，迈耶将开敞的立面放置在建筑后侧，这样使用者能够感受到更加广阔的天空和水域。
The journey through the house is an unconventional one, shifting from the private rooms to an expansive public space at the rear. To enhance the house’s spaciousness and height, Meier framed the open façade at the back such that a visitor’s vision is bounded only by the sky above and the water right at the bottom
© Mike Schwartz
© Mike Schwartz
“空间层次的分布让人们具有前进的感受，当人们从入口来到海岸边时，步行的路径形成了场地的主要轴线。”迈耶写道，“建筑的平面布局垂直于轴线，分别与坡道、树林、岩石，以及海岸线形成呼应。”
建筑后侧立面使用了大型玻璃幕墙，高度甚至达到3层楼，楼层的白色分隔线与玻璃外墙相互限定。玻璃幕墙末端的上部是烟囱，另一侧则是钢制结构柱，“让使用者在室内外的走动过程中感受到微妙的张力”。
"There is a formal layering, giving a sense of progression, as one moves across the site from the entrance road down to the shore, and the 'line of progression' determines the major site axis," Meier has written. "Perpendicular to this axis, the intersecting planes in the house respond to the rhythms of the slope, trees, rock outcroppings, and the shoreline."
The rear façade uses enormous glass pieces, some measuring up to three-storeys high. Enclosed within the glass shell, the ground and upper levels appear as slabs fastened by white mullions. The studio added that the glazed wall, bordered by the chimney on end and the steel structural columns on the other, "creates a subtle tension that draws the occupant across the living space to the outside."
© Mike Schwartz
各个楼层的栏杆扶手也运用了玻璃，强调这种扩张感。
Chuck Smith讲述了在迈耶设计的这座住宅里的成长经历。
“我完全不敢相信，当我第一次走进这座住宅时才5岁，而现在已经过去了50多年，当我每次走在斜坡上、进入室内，都会有孩童般的初次体验。”
在那个时候，美国所流行的设计风格相对保守，而这座郊区住宅却背道而驰，1968年9月出版的《House Beautiful》中，作者认为这座建筑是“彼岸的灯塔”。
The balustrades of the lower and upper levels are set back from the glass, amplifying that tension.
Chuck Smith recounted growing up in a Richard Meier-designed house.
"I can't believe it's been 50 years since I first experienced the Smith House. I was only five years old then, but the childlike wonder I felt then comes back to me every time I walk up the ramp, inside the door, and feel Richard Meier's design."
At a time when design in America was more conservative, the suburban dwelling stood out for being so open and inviting. A September 1968 issue of House Beautiful described the house as a “lighthouse on the shore.”
© Mike Schwartz
50年后，理查德•迈耶的史密斯住宅风格几乎成为其建筑事务所的设计典范，其中的建筑语言和设计理念被广泛地学习。业主史密斯原本想要的是一座牧场住宅，但迈耶改变了其最初的理念，这便是现在的垂直体量，即与自然景观完美融合的三面通透、前部封闭的白色体量。
这座住宅结合了大片的玻璃与棱镜，结合了内部空间与自然景观，并将它们共同组织成不可分割的整体。在建筑体量上，迈耶结合加法策略与减法策略，让空间穿插交错，而这座建筑中所运用的白墙、结合形态，以及玻璃已经成为了迈耶作品的标志。
50 years later, Richard Meier’s Smith House has come to define the architectural language and design philosophy of his firm. Meier changed Smith’s initial idea of a splayed-out ranch house to the distinct vertical volume that it is now: a three-sided glass shell with an opaque white front that inserts itself into the natural landscape.
The house is has a compact shape with clearly defined prisms and clear glazing that gathers the reflections of the interior and natural landscape, colluding them into inseparable images. Meier performed additions and subtractions on the main cubic volume, and the resultant white walls, geometric design, and layered use of glass have become Meier's trademark style.
© Mike Schwartz
在采访中，迈耶描述了对这座住宅的空间感受：
“史密斯住宅就如同普通的建筑一样，我们都在运用基本的几何形体，这些几何形态能够在建筑的开放与封闭之间、实心与空间之间、不透明与透明之间强调不同的空间特征，建筑通过这些几何形体而呈现，在这其中，必须充分考虑建筑尺寸、人体尺度，以及建筑所表达的整体情感特征。”
史密斯住宅距今已建成五十多年，这么久以来，建筑的内外空间几乎仍然保持原样。史密斯家族一直居住于此，现在是Carole Smith的儿子Chuck Smith在此生活。在Mike Schwartz所拍摄的照片中，砖石烟囱上的白色油漆开始逐渐脱落，露出下方的红砖，这也为这座建筑带来了沧桑感。
In comments to the press, Meier described the house and his way of looking at the space within:
“In the Smith House, as in every house that we design there is a search for clarity and for a basic geometric form. This geometry helps to create certain areas of compression, energizing tensions between openness and closure, between solid and void, between opacity and transparency. The intention in every building is rendered graphic by this geometric ordering of pace developed in a way that is always related to scale, to human scale and to the struggle to make the wholeness of the architecture clear, lucid, lyrical, and real."
In the five decades that have passed since Smith House was built, both the internal and external life of the house has remained largely unaltered. The house has remained with the Smith family and is now owned by Carole Smith's son, Chuck Smith. In the newer photographs taken by Mike Schwartz, white paint on the brick chimney has started to chip away, revealing spots of red below that give the home some age and character.
© Mike Schwartz
© Mike Schwartz
Q：这座住宅为你带来了怎样的感受？
A：建筑的设计与施工非常重要，这对我来说意义重大，当时按照图纸施工之后，迈耶与承包商沟通了很久，因为施工中似乎出现了一些尺寸问题，他发现缺失了八分之一英寸（约0.32厘米）的细部空间，而到最后，这个问题也只能不了了之。
Q: Richard, how does the house make you feel?
A: There is a precision to the construction and design of the house that is important, and means a great deal to me. I remember having a long conversation with the contractor when he was laying down the house according to our drawings, and he kept saying that he was missing one eighth of an inch, and at the end of the process he was never able to find that one eighth of an inch.
© Mike Schwartz
Q：这座住宅如何保持它在建筑界的地位？
A：由于独特的场地和设计，许多人都很想来看看它。60年代的美国住宅相对传统，而这座住宅却非常现代、开放、通透。我与客户的关系很好，他们也很欢迎参观者对这座建筑进行参观，久而久之，史密斯住宅的名声就这样流传下来了。
Q: How has the house maintained its status in the architectural community?
A: Because of the unique qualities of the site and the design, people became very anxious to see it. In the 60’s design in America was more conventional and this house was much more modern, open, transparent and inviting.
My relationship with the clients at the time, and the fact that they have welcomed visitors and maintained the house in such an extraordinary way make the Smith House very special.
© Mike Schwartz
在项目建成之后的50多年里，这座建筑及其建筑设计者迈耶都获得了荣誉，史密斯住宅获得了AIA金质奖章，该奖项主要授予那些经久不衰、且对建筑界具有极大意义的项目。在49岁那年，理查德•迈耶也获得了普利兹克建筑奖，成为该奖项的最年轻得主。
Both the building and the architect have been distinguished with honors in the 50 years since the project was built. Smith House was awarded AIA’s Twenty-five year award, conferred to projects that have stood the test of time and continue to set standards of excellence for their design and significance. Richard Meier won the Pritzker Prize; at 49, he was the youngest architect to receive his profession’s highest accolade.
Courtesy of Richard Meier & Partners Architects
迈耶是理查德•迈耶建筑事务所的创始人，这座史密斯住宅是其代表作之一，另外还有洛杉矶的盖蒂中心、纽约的美国法院、印第安纳新哈莫尼文艺俱乐部，还有被列为美国国家历史名胜名录的道格拉斯住宅。
Meier is also founder of Richard Meier & Partners. Among its best known works are: this very house, the Smith House in Darien, Connecticut; the Getty Center in Los Angeles, California; the United States Courthouse in Islip, New York; the Atheneum in New Harmony, Indiana, and the Douglass House in Harbor Springs. The later was added to the Natonal Register of Historic Places.
Courtesy of Richard Meier & Partners Architects
Courtesy of Richard Meier & Partners Architects
Courtesy of Richard Meier & Partners Architects
Courtesy of Richard Meier & Partners Architects
Courtesy of Richard Meier & Partners Architects
Courtesy of Richard Meier & Partners Architects
项目信息：
建筑设计：迈耶建筑事务所
主创建筑师：理查德•迈耶
项目时间：1965年
摄影：Mike Schwartz
Architects：Richard Meier & Partners
Architect in Charge：Richard Meier
Area：3251.0 m2
Project Year：1965
Photographs：Mike Schwartz
出处：本文译自www.archdaily.com/，转载请注明出处。
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