城市水务缓冲基础设施景观设计
Urban Water Buffer

由专筑网pilewyj，李韧编译

城市区域对于雨水的地下储存与恢复

由于强密度的降雨以及长期干旱导致的缺水，城市正日益面临洪水所带来的威胁。当下客户应用的解决措施建立在集中雨水径流排放和供应系统的基础上，而这个系统通常较为昂贵切不满足可持续发展。那么，如何才能更长久、更有效地保留市区雨水？有效保留之后，人们是否能对这些水进行利用呢？

然而，在城市地区，这种具备储存水并渗透水的空间非常稀缺，对此类空间的开发也会导致与其他空间功能的冲突。因此，城市水缓冲区（UWB）项目致力于让雨水滞留在较深的含水层中，通过井道，雨水逐渐向深层渗透、储存，并可被提取以供后期的使用。该项目的目标是调查城市水缓冲区是否能够在实现分散雨水径流输入的同时，对预防城市地区的洪水作出重大、积极的贡献。该项目包括鹿特丹、雷登和海牙等城市中的四个项目的案例研究。在鹿特丹和雷登，客户使用了两个飞行器，来对项目对应的区域进行监控。

在本项目中，Field Factors工作室负责城市环境中城市水缓冲区系统的空间整合、生物过滤系统的设计和实现，以及通过制定设计指南总结监控设备中所提供的信息并对此进行构思。

Underground storage and recovery of rainwater in urban areas
Cities are increasingly facing flooding due to intense rainfall, as well as water shortages resulting from longer periods of drought. The current solutions are based on centralised discharge and supply, which are often expensive and unsustainable. How can we retain rainwater of urban areas longer and more effectively? And can we then subsequently make use of this water?
However, the necessary space for retention and infiltration in urban areas is usually scarce, leading to conflicts with other spatial functions. Therefore the Urban Water Buffer (UWB) project strives to retain rainwater in the deeper aquifer: via wells the rainwater is infiltrated, stored and can be extracted for further use. The goal of the project is to investigate whether the Urban Water Buffer can make a significant, positive contribution to the prevention of flooding in urban areas,  while enabling  decentralised water supply . The project consists of four case studies in Rotterdam, Rheden and The Hague. In Rotterdam and Rheden two pilots will be built and monitored.
Within this project, Field Factors is responsible for the spatial integration of the UWB in the urban context, the design and realisation of the bio-filtration system and the communication of the lessons from the pilot applications through the elaboration of a design guide.



定义

在TKI-UWB项目的第一个阶段，设计师们确定了以下四种地理情况下的具体施工位置、水平衡、初步设计和实际安装UWB系统的估计成本，分别是鹿特丹的Spangen与hNI、雷登，以及海牙的Schilderswijk。结果表明，在鹿特丹和雷登等地，UWB系统能在短期内对剩余雨水的排放和防洪起到积极的作用。需要特别注意的是降水量处在峰值时渗入地下的速度，以及为了防止系统堵塞而对雨水进行的预处理的反馈状况。

__Identify
In the first phase of the TKI- UWB project, the location, the water balance, the preliminary design and the estimated costs of actually installing a UWB system has been identified for four cases: Spangen- Rotterdam, hNI- Rotterdam, Rheden and Schilderswijk- The Hague. The results show that, particularly in the case of the targeted locations in Rotterdam and Rheden, a UWB could make a positive contribution in the short term to the discharge of surplus rainwater and thus to flood prevention. The aspects requiring particular attention are the speed with which the peak precipitation loads can be infiltrated into the subsurface, and the pre-treatment of the rainwater with a view to preventing clogging of the system.



设计

以海牙市Schilderswijk为例

Schilderswijk是一个不透水路面比例很高的行政区域，因此也急需要雨水排放相关基础设施。由于DSM在该地区停止了采水作业，以及气候的变化，因此地下水位正逐渐上升。该地区的地表水很少，事实上除了混合式下水道系统外，没有其他排水途径。这种情况需要考虑如何处理干净的水，即该地区需要额外的雨水排放方案。考虑到与地表水的距离较大，控制地下排水可能是一种解决办法。目前还不清楚潜水层该如何应用，以及是否有机会在干旱期重复利用这部分水。

__Design
Case Schilderswijk, The Hague
The Schilderswijk is a neighbourhood with a high percentage of impervious pavement and therefore a need for rainwater discharge. Due to the discontinuation water extraction by DSM and the changing climate, groundwater levels are rising. The area has little surface water and in fact no other drainage option than a mixed sewer system.This situation provides a clear water assignment: the district needs an extra option for rainwater discharge.  In view of the large distances to surface water, controlled drainage in the subsoil might be a solution. It is still unclear how the phreatic layer may be used for this purpose and whether there are opportunities regarding reuse of the water in dry periods.



以鹿特丹市Nieuwe研究中心项目为例

在未来几年，鹿特丹博物馆公园周围的地区将变得更加绿色。目前鹿特丹市Het Nieuwe学院大楼的一个大约3000平方米的大型浅水池有着“蓝绿系统”特征。夏天来临的时候，由于藻类的生长，池塘会呈现绿色。因为水体不与外界水系统相连，因此无法流动。此外，池塘必须定期补充饮用级别的水。此外，鹿特丹的这部分地区还需要更多具有储水能力的空间来防止洪水。其目的是利用池塘作为雨水的临时收集，并通过城市水缓冲区将其保持在所需水平。

为收集雨水，雨水收集箱可以进行适当的安装，以改善水质，同时为该地区增加绿化。

Case het Nieuwe Instituut, Rotterdam
In the coming years the area around Museumpark in Rotterdam will become greener. One of the current blue-green features is a large, shallow pond of about 3,000 m2 located at het Nieuwe Instituut building. In summer, the pond colours green because of algae growth, since the water body is not connected to the water system. In addition, the pond must be regularly refilled with drinking water. Furthermore, this part of Rotterdam needs more water storage capacity to prevent flooding. The intention is to use the pond as temporary collection of rainwater and to maintain it at the desired level through the Urban Water Buffer.
To collect the rainwater Bluebloqs can be implemented, improving the water quality and adding greenery to the area.



以雷登市Pilot Lentesteeg街区为例

由于雷登Arnhemsestraatweg的高度差异较大，雨水径流能很快从Veluwe流向道路交叉口。在交汇处，下水道却无法应付如此大量的径流。考虑到该地区空间有限，雨水又不能在浅层进行渗透，为了进行深层蓄水层的渗透，设计师提供了一种替代方案。为了使蓄水层的蓄水成为可能，设计师还采取了额外的措施，如捕获上游的污泥，亦或是在渗透井附近设置明沟，使之形成旱溪。

Pilot Lentesteeg, Rheden
Because of the large height differences in the Arnhemsestraatweg in Rheden, rainwater runoff flows quickly from the Veluwe to an intersection. At the junction, the sewer cannot cope with such a quantity of runoff. Due to the limited space in the area, shallow infiltration of rainwater is not an option. Infiltration in the deeper aquifer offers an alternative. To make aquifer storage possible, additional measures has been taken, such as the capture of sludge upstream and the implementation of wadi’s near the infiltration well.



项目年份：2016年-2018年
项目位置：荷兰，鹿特丹/雷登/海牙
项目现状：进行中
项目合作方：
KWR Watercycle Institute,
Wareco, Codema,
Evides Water Company
Municipality of Rotterdam,
Municipality of Rheden,
Municipality of The Hague,
Waterboard Delfland
Waterboard Schieland and Krimpenerwaard,
Rioned, STOWA

Year: 2016-2018
Location:
Spangen, Rotterdam
Lentsesteeg, Rheden
hNI, Rotterdam
Schilderswijk, The Hague
Status: ongoing
Partners:
KWR Watercycle Institute,
Wareco, Codema,
Evides Water Company
Municipality of Rotterdam,
Municipality of Rheden,
Municipality of The Hague,
Waterboard Delfland
Waterboard Schieland and Krimpenerwaard,
Rioned, STOWA