Villa Eze / Sofair Design. Image © Josh Hill
功能性和象征性：住宅和公共建筑中的圆形天窗
Functional And Symbolic: Circular Skylights in Homes and Public Buildings
由专筑网邢子，小R编译
公元2世纪上半叶，西方建筑史上最重要的建筑万神庙在罗马建成。它最主要也是最令人印象深刻的特点就是它的混凝土穹顶，末端是一个完美的圆形开口。这个圆环开启了后来的一系列建筑，这些建筑注意到了圆形开口的价值，这些开口被复制为玻璃天窗和外墙的构成元素。例如，这最终演变成了哥特式大教堂中细致而多彩的玫瑰窗。在所有的元素中，“眼球”（拉丁语中的眼睛）具有超越传统窗户的象征意义，它的发光投影优雅地标志着时间的流逝，庄严地突出了建筑空间。
During the first half of the 2nd century AD, one of the most important buildings in the history of Western architecture was erected in Rome: the Pantheon. Its main and most impressive feature is its coffered concrete dome, which ends in a perfectly round central opening. This oculus kicked off a series of later projects that noted the value of circular openings, which were replicated as glazed skylights and as compositional elements on facades. This eventually evolved, for example, towards the detailed and colorful rose windows of the Gothic basilicas. In all its configurations, the oculus (eye in Latin) holds a symbolism that goes beyond the traditional window: its luminous projection gracefully marks the passage of time, solemnly highlighting an architectural space.
Roman Pantheon, section. Via Wikimedia user Bkmd by Francesco Piraneni under PD
万神庙壮观的圆环直径近30英尺，是完全开放的，雨水进入建筑并滑落到位于其地面的22个排水沟。然而，在历史上，从帕拉第奥式房屋和巴洛克式建筑到中东的宫殿建筑，继承它的大部分圆形开口都加入了玻璃，只让光线通过，避免不必要的渗透，这种趋势一直延续到今天。
Measuring almost 30 feet in diameter, the spectacular oculus of the Pantheon is completely open; the rain enters the building and slides down to reach the 22 drains located in its pavement. However, most of the circular openings that succeeded it in history–from Palladian houses and Baroque buildings to palaces in the Middle East–incorporated glass to let only light through and avoid unwanted infiltration, a tendency that has continued to this day.
Tienda Selo / MNMA studio. Image © André Klotz
Hu Huishan Memorial / Jiakun Architects. Image © Iwan Baan
位于现代屋顶上的欧式天窗需要采取一系列特殊措施，以避免在使用过程中出现问题，如在其周边采用防水和密封措施，将各片之间的过渡抹平，使排水畅通无阻，并选择具有足够热、声、视觉性能的玻璃，包括对紫外线的高度防护。显然，天窗的位置不能干扰或削弱屋顶结构，其布置与太阳光路径的关系也必须仔细考虑，抗冲击、防盗和防火也是需要考虑的重要问题。
The oculi located on modern roofs require a series of special measures to avoid problems during the use of the building, such as applying waterproof and hermetic sealing at its perimeter, smoothing the transition between pieces to allow for unobstructed drainage, and choosing glass with adequate thermal, acoustic, and visual performance, including a high level of protection against UV rays. Obviously, the location of the skylight must not interfere with or weaken the roof structure, and its arrangement with respect to the solar path must be carefully considered. Resistance to impacts, burglary, and fire are also important issues to consider.
Rooflight Dome and Flat Roof Window, by LAMILUX. Image © LAMILUX
目前，有一些预制的圆形天窗，易于安装和使用，甚至可以通过手动或电子的方式打开，有助于空间的通风。虽然屋顶的自然坡度有助于构件的自洁，特别是在使用平板玻璃时，但许多圆形天窗都包有亚克力或有机玻璃穹顶，这样可以让光线均匀地分布在空间中，并让水落在上面时流出。一般来说，这些元素并不与天花板位于同一水平面，相反，它们的出现具有一定的厚度，这取决于屋顶的结构和材料性质，有些型号甚至高出屋顶水平30至70厘米。这种厚度可以放大圆形天窗，如果是白色，光线反射会更强。
Currently, there are prefabricated circular skylights that are easy to install and use, which can even be opened (manually or electronically), contributing to the ventilation of the space. Although the natural slope of the roof should aid in the self-cleaning of the element–particularly when using flat glass–many circular skylights are clad in acrylic (or Plexiglass) domes, which allow light to spread evenly through space and let the water runoff as it falls on them. Generally, these elements are not located at the same level as the ceiling; on the contrary, they appear with a certain thickness that depends on the structure and materiality of the roof, and some models even rise between 30 and 70 cm above the roof level. This thickness can amplify the effects of the circular skylight; if it is white, the light reflection will be even stronger.
Don Bosco Church / Dans arhitekti. Image © Miran Kambič
让我们回顾一下一些例子。在墨尔本一栋1960年的建筑改造中，由Nervegna Reed建筑事务所和ph建筑事务所组成的团队利用圆形的造型为当地伊斯兰社区创造了一个特殊的礼拜环境。"空间通过天窗与天空相连，天窗刺破了帐篷形式，这是最古老的礼拜建筑，在城市边缘形成了一片安静的绿洲。" 在MNMA工作室的Selo商店中，oculus提供了"清晰的天空视野，不仅是为了照明，也是为了与自然、天气、时间的流逝接触，并拥有一些人尺度的视角"。
Let's review some recent examples. In the renovation of a 1960 building in Melbourne, the team consisting of Nervegna Reed Architecture and ph Architects used circular shapes to create a special environment for worship for the local Islamic community: "The space connects with the sky through the skylight which punctures the tent form, one of the oldest architectures of worship, forming a quiet oasis on the edge of the city." In MNMA studio's Selo Store, the oculus provides "a clear view of the sky, not only for illumination but also for a playful contact with nature, weather, the passage of time and to have some human scale perspective."
Melbourne Quakers Center / Nervegna Reed Architecture + ph Architects. Image © John Gollings
由Fragmenture设计的L&W House围绕着一个由直线和消失线组成的中央模块而构成。在这里，由透明穹顶覆盖的圆形天窗为餐厅和厨房提供了充足的顶光，起到了对抗家具正交性的作用。在Malan Vorster建筑室内设计馆的案例中，"舷窗"用于强调一个独特的全木质包覆楼梯。
Designed by Fragmenture, the L&W House is configured around a central module of straight and vanishing lines. Here, the circular skylights covered by transparent domes provide abundant overhead light to the dining room and kitchen, working as a counter to the orthogonality of the furniture. In the case of the Malan Vorster Architecture Interior Design pavilion, the "porthole" is used to highlight a distinctive all-wood clad staircase.
House L & W / Fragmenture. Image © Dennis De Smet
Private Gymnasium Pavilion & Guest Unit / Malan Vorster Architecture Interior Design. Image © Adam Letch
在美国，Turnbull Griffin Haesloop建筑事务所设计的Mill Valley旅馆由圆形天窗"点缀"，使室内充满了被周围树木过滤的光线。在黎巴嫩，Carl Gerges建筑事务所设计的宾馆，包括一个酒红色的地下酒窖，"酒窖被圆形天窗照亮，容纳了一种元素和协同的氛围。原始的寂静与庄严的灯光，与散发着烤面包、燕麦和麝香气味的凉爽湿润空气直观地搭配在一起"。
In the United States, the Mill Valley Guesthouse by Turnbull Griffin Haesloop Architects is "dotted" by circular skylights, filling the interiors with light filtered by the surrounding trees. In Lebanon, the Carl Gerges Architects-designed guesthouse includes a burgundy underground cellar, which is "lit by a circular skylight, and hosts an elemental and synesthetic ambiance. A primitive silence with solemn lighting pairs intuitively well with the cool and moist air which smells of toast, oats, and musk."
Mill Valley Guesthouse / Turnbull Griffin Haesloop Architects. Image © David Wakely
Cana Guesthouse / Carl Gerges Architects. Image © Carl Gerges Architects
Tienda Selo / MNMA studio. Image © André Klotz
Pavilion / Metro Arquitetos Associados. Image © Leonardo Finotti
Mill Valley Guesthouse / Turnbull Griffin Haesloop Architects. Image © David Wakely
Mill Valley Guesthouse / Turnbull Griffin Haesloop Architects. Image © David Wakely
Melbourne Quakers Center / Nervegna Reed Architecture + ph Architects. Image © John Gollings
Litibú Bungalow / PALMA. Image © Luis Young
Rácz Thermal Bath / Budapesti Műhely. Image © Tamas Bujnovszky
Cabanon 1005 House / estudio eyc. Image Cortesía de estudio eyc - Marta Moreno y Ricardo Fernández
Farm Grubbehoeve / Jeanne Dekkers Architectuur. Image © Holly Marder
Private Gymnasium Pavilion & Guest Unit / Malan Vorster Architecture Interior Design. Image © Adam Letch
Litibú Bungalow / PALMA. Image © Luis Young
Melbourne Quakers Center / Nervegna Reed Architecture + ph Architects. Image © John Gollings
House L & W / Fragmenture. Image © Dennis De Smet
|
|
