Architectural Drawings: Mexico’s Open-Air Architecture in Plan
——Explore the dynamism of Mexican design through open-air structures.
由专筑网王雪纯，小R编译
墨西哥建筑就像这个国家本身，复杂多样又灵感泉涌。从广袤沙漠到茂密雨林，再到高耸山脉，当地的景观塑造了多样化的建筑设计方式。在不同气候条件下的各类露天建筑，重新构想了如何将人们与周围环境相连。从小型亭子到大型建筑群，这些建筑从它们所在之处汲取灵感。
通过对墨西哥全国范围内建筑的深入探索，几个开放式建筑项目每个均与平面图相对应，以显示建筑物如何组织，如何鼓励空间之间的流动。虽然这些项目在功能和空间上都各不相同，但每一个都探索了视野和墨西哥文化，以及对当地气候的呼应，为了适应一天中不断变化的条件和变化的光线，这些项目和图纸体现了墨西哥建筑在当下的意义。
Mexican architecture is as varied and inspiring as the country itself. From expansive deserts to lush rain forests and towering mountains, local landscapes have shaped architects’ varied approaches to building across Mexico’s temperate to tropical zones. In these climates, a range of open-air architecture is being built that reimagines how to connect people with their surroundings. From small pavilions to large complexes, these structures take inspiration from the places they are built for.
Taking a deeper dive into Mexican architecture through drawings, the following open-air projects are found nationwide. Images of each completed project are juxtaposed with plan drawings to show how the buildings are organized to encourage movement between spaces. While the projects are programmatically and spatially diverse, they each explore views and Mexican culture and how to design for local climates. Made for the changing conditions and shifting light throughout the day, these projects and drawings embody what it means to build in Mexico today.
Telcel剧院
设计师：Ensamble工作室
地点：墨西哥，墨西哥城
Telcel Theater
By Ensamble Studio, Mexico City, Mexico
由Ensamble工作室设计的Telcel剧院位于地下，同时一座大型金属结构矗立地面之上。这创造了一个引人注目的开放式空间，高出地面并深入地下。地面上的结构看起来像一块石头，被雕塑出的梯田所支撑。地下凿出的空间开放给公众，并向天空敞开，周围是蕴含象征意义的金属结构。
设计团队指出，该项目直面其建造的元素本质：消极空间所代表的垂直属性；Dovela金属结构承载和包容空气的水平张力。平面图展示了这个棚顶的轮廓，笼罩在地下开放大厅之上。进入地下后，就是剧院空间序列的尽头。
Ensamble’s design for the Telcel Theater was buried underground with a large metallic structure lifted from ground level. This creates a dramatic open-air volume that rises above and below the ground. The structure above appears as a stone of air, supported by the space that comes from a sequence of excavated terraces. Below, the excavated spaces are given to the public and open to the sky, protected by the symbolic metal structure.
As the design team notes, the project confronts the elemental natures with which it is built: the deep density of the negative space, of vertical character; and the horizontal tension of the air contained and supported by the Dovela metal structure. The plan drawing shows the outline of this canopy as it rises above the open excavated lobbies below. Once inside the earth, the Theater appears as the end of a sequence of spaces.
San Bernabé 社区中心
设计师：Picharchitects/Pich-Aguilera
地点：墨西哥，蒙特雷
Community Center San Bernabé
By Picharchitects/Pich-Aguilera, Monterrey, Mexico
项目为San Bernabé社区中心设计了一座建筑-街道，旨在传递与固有的公民价值观一致的社区架构。这个建筑-街道表达个人和社区关系的框架，随着居民们的探索和自由生活，它将愈发变得坚固。
从露天平面图中可以看出，这条内部建造的街道就像建筑的脊柱，社区中心的各类功能安置其中，整体回应了城市愿景。该项目还包括可再生能源生产的分配，“太阳光束”系统组成遮阳结构，融入建筑之中。
Designed for the community center of San Bernabé, this project offers a building-street which aimed to transmit civic values inherent to the urban structure of the neighborhood. This building-street was conceived as a framework for the relationship and the expression of individuals and the community, so that it will be getting stronger as the citizens start to discover it and living freely in it.
As seen in the open-air plan drawing, this street built within acts like the backbone of the built bodies that house the functional program of the community center and responds to an urban vision as a whole. The project also includes an allocation for renewable energy production, integrated into the architecture from the system of “solar beams” that make up the shade structure.
Mar Adentro度假酒店
设计师：Taller Aragonés
地点：墨西哥，圣何塞德尔卡波
Mar Adentro
By Taller Aragonés / Miguel Ángel Aragonés, San José del Cabo, Mexico
“Mar Adentro”灵感来源于“灼热阳光下水的巨大动力”。这块土地位于“包罗万象”的海岸线中间，设计团队想要挑战做一个与场所中其他建筑相似的盒子结构。中心思想是将地平线带入前景。“Mar Adentro”就像是面向大海的伊斯兰教圣地麦地那。
设计团队在描述项目时指出，“水是围绕整个项目的主题；所有的体量都朝向海洋，背对城市。”每个漂浮的体量中都包含独立的室内空间。所有房间都是在工厂提前预制建造的。最宝贵的是这个结构的多功能性，它可以完全在工厂预制，然后直接在现场建造。
Mar Adentro was inspired by the “enormous drive of water under a scorching sun.” This piece of land, located in the middle of a coastline dotted with “All Inclusives,” and the team wanted to challenge what would have been a box similar to other structures in place. The central idea was to take the horizon and bring it into the foreground. Mar Adentro is a kind of Medina that opens out onto the sea.
Describing the project, the team notes that, “the water is an event that borders the entire project; all of the volumes open up toward the sea and turn their backs on the city.” Each floating volume contains interiors that form, in turn, independent spaces. All rooms were prefabricated for construction ahead of time in a factory. The important thing is the versatility of this structure, one that can be entirely factory-made then raised on site in a straightforward manner.
生态教堂
设计师：Bunker Arquitectura
地点：墨西哥，库埃纳瓦卡
Ecumenical Chapel
By Bunker Arquitectura, Cuernavaca, Mexico
这座私人教堂建于墨西哥库埃纳瓦卡一栋周末度假别墅背后的一块新购土地上。客户想要一座生态教堂，一个非宗教，但又可以用于冥想的纯粹空间。教堂被埋在地下，一个围绕它的螺旋坡道将游客引入其中。坡道的一侧是带植物的墙壁，成为教堂中的垂直花园。
在外部，水池构成了教堂的屋顶。水池中心有一个天窗，金属板上的玻璃开口让阳光透过水面，在地下投射光与影的图案。地下空间由分散的玻璃墙围绕，实现空气的内部流通。在平面图中可以看到天窗和连接到景观的简单支撑结构。
This private chapel was made for a plot of land recently bought on the backside of a weekend house in Cuernavaca, Mexico. The clients wanted an Ecumenical chapel, a non-religious and universal space, to meditate. The chapel is buried underground and a spiraling ramp that surrounds it brings visitors inside. This ramp is flanked with a vegetated wall that functions as a vertical garden.
Outside, a water pond forms the rooftop of the chapel. At its center there is an oculus, a glass covered opening in the metallic plate, that lets sunlight filter through the water, generating light and shadow patterns on the inside. The space is contained by a lattice wall formed by separated glass beams that lets the air flow through its inside. The oculus and simple support structure that connects to the landscape is seen in plan.
Centinela教堂
设计师： ALA工作室
地点：墨西哥，阿兰达斯
Centinela Chapel
By Estudio ALA, Arandas, Mexico
该教堂改造于哈利斯科州东北部的龙舌兰酒厂。这里以墨西哥最虔诚的宗教地区之一而闻名。这个精神和社交空间重新诠释了场地旧有庄园和房屋中存在的混合使用空间，人们过去常常在自己的住宅、露台和开放的有屋顶构筑物旁设教堂或祈祷室，在那里举行社交和家庭活动。
设计团队指出，教堂坐落在一个悬臂平台上，可以俯瞰湖泊、花园、工厂和龙舌兰田地。平面图显示，建筑物的朝向是封闭的墙面朝向南方和西方，从而保证庭院的私密性。一条陶土瓦铺成的小径引导游客从工厂走向教堂，让人们欣赏绕湖和花园漫步时的风景，最终引导他们进入建筑群。
This chapel project was reimagined inside a tequila factory, located in the northeast of the state of Jalisco. The region is known to be one of the most religious areas in the country. This spiritual and social space is a reinterpretation of the mixed use spaces that exist in older haciendas and houses of the region, where people used to have a chapel or oratory in their own houses, adjacent to the terraces and open covered spaces, where social and family events were commonly held.
The team notes that the chapel sits on a cantilevered platform, overviewing the lake, the gardens, the factory and the agave fields. The plan drawing shows how the building is oriented in a way that its closed walls face the southern and western sun, keeping privacy from the patio. A terracotta tile pathway leads visitors from the factory towards the chapel, allowing them to admire the scenery, and enjoy the walk around the lake and gardens, leading them finally into the complex.
Jojutla中央花园
设计师： MMX工作室
地点：墨西哥，莫雷洛斯州，Jojutla
Jojutla Central Gardens
By Estudio MMX, Jojutla de Juárez, Morelos, Mexico
该项目旨在墨西哥的毁灭性地震后，重建一个作为媒介的公共空间。设计的核心是与Jojutla的居民紧密互动。设计的核心理念来自树木。这些独特的元素在地震中没有受损，因此，Jojutla市民中心变成了“Jojutla中央花园”，通过植被象征疗愈的恢复力。
从平面图中可以看到，拱廊矗立在花园旁。建筑重新诠释了该地区的传统建筑。它们为市民进行休闲活动提供了框架。建筑材料是手工赭砖，铺路材料为玄武岩灰石，项目中选用了大量当地植物种类。最终，呈现为一个具有新身份的市民广场。
After devastating earthquakes in Mexico, this project was designed to rebuild an identity that uses public spaces as its media. At the heart of the design was a close interaction with the inhabitants of Jojutla. The core idea came from the trees. These unique elements survived the earthquakes without damage, therefore, the Civic Centre of Jojutla became the “Central Gardens of Jojutla” evoking the concept of resiliency by means of the vegetation.
As seen in plan, there are arcades that coexist next to the gardens. These structures reinterpret the region’s traditional architecture. They serve as frames for the civic and leisure events required by the city. The selected materials were artisanal ochre brick, basaltic grey stone for pavements, and an extensive array of local flora species. The result was the generation of a civic square with a new identity.
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