•        由Karissa Rosenfield发布
•        非洲，Charles Newman，节能环保设计认证，可持续发展，文章编辑选择类
•        by Karissa Rosenfield
•        Articles Editor's ChoiceSustainability Africa Charles Newman LEED
学习中心点缀成千上万的瓶盖；图片由Afritekt 的Charles Newman 提供
非裔俄亥俄州建筑师Charles Newman最初于德裕（Intercon）发表讨论了在非洲农村节能环保设计认证的陷阱。Newman目前于刚果民主共和国，布卡武（Bukavu）的国际救援委员会（International Rescue Committee）工作，致力于研究世界各地社区的可持续发展整合。
2012年年中，我在刚果民主共和国南部的一个小镇。我的一个同事来找我，希望我能为其研究的一个大型健康项目提供些指导建议。承诺将专项用于建造刚果民主共和国数百个诊所，并且他提到捐助者会对“绿色”建筑标准非常有兴趣。他知道我专攻节能环保设计认证，便开始问我们如何能将此建筑标准融入到未决定的项目设计中呢。我提出了一些一般性的引导，例如使用当地材料——如果可能的话，循环利用一些材料、将其融入现有的基础设施、自然通风等。他记下了几笔，然后开始撬得更深一些。“节能环保设计认证怎么样？我们能将其融入我们的建筑战略中吗？”
坦率地回答：“没有，真的没有。节能环保设计认证在非洲农村地区真的不适用。
LEED代表节能环保设计认证，已成为全球30多个国家“绿色”建筑最认可的标准。LEED是评定建筑设计、施工和性能等级的计分系统。共100分：40分为确保“认证”的底线；50分为白银认证；60分为黄金认证；80分为铂金认证。该评级系统可分为7大类，如可持续发展选址，用水效率，室内环境质量。大多数分数可作为量化的基准，而其他诸如创新设计分的分数则需要说明和解释。在此可看到勾勒出每一分数很好的参考指南和得分要求。节能环保设计认证为世界各地广泛使用的原因：节能环保设计指导创建的结构最终降低了建筑的碳足迹，形成了可在经济（可靠地）上盈利的产品，并为其他建筑提供了可效仿的灵感。
这些认证分数很多可应用到在非洲农村的开发工作。
材料和资源1.1和1.2级承认原有建筑结构的重新利用。农村地区可能原来不会有许多可重新利用的建筑结构，这样的标准可以很容易纳入非洲建筑之中。室内环境质量（Indoor Environmental Quality）6.2级为热舒适系统的控制，也可通过可操作的窗户，及计算辐射温度和空气流动得以实现。可持续发展选址（Sustainable Sites）7.1级，为无屋顶热岛效应（Non Roof Heat Island Effect）级别，也可通过指定浅颜色建筑物表面，及战略性地安置树木和其他植物得以应用。
这些级别和少数其他级别可以在发展中国家的大多数项目中得以实现。
Learning Center embellished with thousands of bottle caps; Courtesy of Charles Newman of Afritekt
Originally published on Intercon, Ohioan and Africa-based architect Charles Newman, LEED AP discusses the pitfalls of LEED in rural Africa. Newman, who is currently working for the International Rescue Committee in Bukavu, Democratic Republic of Congo, is dedicated to the integration of sustainability in communities worldwide.
While in a small southern town of the Democratic Republic of Congo in mid-2012, a colleague of mine approached me for some guidance on a large health proposal he was putting together. A portion of the grant would be earmarked for the construction of hundreds of clinics across the DR Congo, and he mentioned that the donor would be very interested in “green” building standards. Knowing that I was a LEED Accredited Professional, he began asking how we might be able to incorporate such building standards into the designs for the pending projects. I rattled off some general guidelines such as using local materials – recycled ones if available, incorporating existing infrastructure, natural ventilation, etc. He jotted down a few notes, then began to pry a little deeper. “What about the LEED point system? Could we incorporate that into our strategy?”
My response was frank: “No, not really. LEED doesn’t work here in rural Africa.”
LEED stands for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, and has become the most recognized standard for “green” building in over 30 countries worldwide. LEED is a point system that grades buildings throughout design, construction and performance. One hundred points are available: a score of 40 secures the “Certified” label; 50, Silver; 60, Gold; and 80, Platinum. The rating system is broken down into 7 categories, such as Sustainable Sites, Water Efficiency, and Indoor Environmental Quality. Most points carry with them quantified benchmarks; while others, such as the Innovation in Design credits, call for explanation and interpretation. A good reference guide that outlines each point and its requirements can be seen here. LEED has become widely used around the world for good reasons: creating a structure within LEED guidance ultimately lowers a building’s carbon footprint, creates a product that can be financially (and responsibly) profitable, and provides inspiration for others to follow suit.
Many of these points can be applied to work in rural development in Africa.
Materials and Resources credits 1.1 and 1.2 for example, recognize the reuse of existing building components. While in rural areas there may not be many existing structures available to reuse, such a standard can easily be incorporated into building practices in Africa. The Indoor Environmental Quality credit 6.2, control of systems for thermal comfort, can also be achieved by providing operable windows and calculating radiant temperatures and air flows. Sustainable Sites credit 7.1, Non Roof Heat Island Effect credit, can also apply by specifying light colors on building surfaces and by strategically locating trees and other vegetation.
These credits and a handful of others can be achieved in most any project in the developing world.

肯尼亚南部的4间教室。就地取材——未采用电动工具；图片由Afritekt 的Charles Newman 提供
节能环保设计认证哪里不符合?
然而许多分（100分达到45分）是根本不相干或不经济的。在某些情况下，符合这些分数实际上会不利于项目的成功和社会的繁荣。
这些不相干的认证分数最显著的是可持续发展选址4.3级、低排放和省油车辆。其认证分数通过为省油车辆提供优先停车权得以实现。停车的地方不属于项目范围，然而，所提供的省油汽车贷款方案一定要最少占建筑费用的3％。我们希望，对此与信贷无关的解释是不必要的。这表明一些LEED认证是面向 “第一世界” 城市问题的。
EA系统3级的启动也是系统的加强启动，指定第三方在为其10个月内监察所有机械系统的设计、启动和监控。这样的建筑维修“切换”在农村社区发展中是十分有用的。然而，此认证级别只意味着机械系统必须融入建筑设计之中。一般来说，需要大量科技知识的拟定系统是不明智的。即使这样的知识可以有效地转移，可用来维护此系统的经济资源也往往是极其有限的。此外，聘请第三方监督设计过程、安装工作和监测项目会增加项目的主要支出——这些费用可以更好地应用到社区的其他举措之中。
能源和大气6级为绿色能源，也是一个项目“买入”低能环保设计认证最简单的方法之一。从本质上讲，建筑业主与其能源供应商至少签订2年的合同，以确保建筑物至少有35％的能源将选自可再生能源。首先，正如上述回顾的认证，此认证规定必须使用电并投入项目的设计。对于非洲农村的许多项目，电力绝非优先事项。因此，这样的项目则不能获得此中认证和其他在能源和大气方面的认证。非洲这样的供应商通常得不到美国中心资源解决方案绿色环保节能产品认证或其他等效的认证，这也使此问题进一步复杂化。此外，由于需要农村社区购买更昂贵的电，这可能会危及建筑物内各项目的财政可持续性。
可再生能源当然是不错的。节能灯泡、低流量水龙头、再生材料和设计创新也都还不错¬¬——尽管看起来低能环保设计认证评级系统严重受限。评分系统仅适用于建筑物的建筑标准；停止短期金融关系、客户关系，或简单地说，其发展。当考虑非洲的农村发展，必须转变建筑的需要和标准，这不仅切合新的地域和文化背景，也适应发展需要和能力。能源标准必须首先意识到电力的重要性，这本身就是向前迈进了一大步；例如，电动车的认证分数可以取代蚊帐的分数。这可能听起来像低能环保设计认证系统的简化或降低。我并不建议此种认证；正如非洲建筑的可持续发展远远地超越了设计和施工标准的简单系统。同一尺寸无法适合所有事物。
Classrooms in Southern Kenya. Built from local materials – assembled without power tools; Courtesy of Charles Newman of Afritekt
Where LEED Falls Short  
Many more of the points however (as many as 45 of the 100), are simply irrelevant or financially irresponsible. In some cases, adherence to these credits can actually be detrimental to project success and community prosperity.
The most obvious of these irrelevant credits is the Sustainable Sites Credit 4.3, Low-Emitting and Fuel-Efficient vehicles. This point is gained by providing preferred parking for fuel-efficient vehicles. Where parking is not part of the project scope, a fuel efficient car lending program must be provided for a minimum of 3% of the building occupants. Hopefully, an explanation of this credit’s irrelevance is not necessary. It shows that some of the LEED credits are geared towards urban “first world” problems.
Commissioning of Systems EA Credit 3, Enhanced Commissioning of Systems, specifies that a third party must be contracted to oversee the design, commissioning, and monitoring of all mechanical systems for a ten month period. Such a “handoff” of building maintenance can be very useful when working in rural developing communities. However, this credit simply implies that mechanical systems must be incorporated into the design of the building. Generally, specifying systems that require substantial technical knowledge is ill-advised. Even if such knowledge can be effectively transferred, the financial resources available to maintain such a system are often extremely limited. Further, hiring a third party to oversee the design process, installation and monitoring can add substantial expense to a project – expenses that could be better applied to other initiatives within the community.
Energy and Atmosphere Credit 6, Green Power, is one of the easiest ways for a project to “buy” a LEED credit. Essentially, the building owners engage in a minimum 2-year contract with their energy provider that ensures that at least 35% of the building’s purchased energy will be from renewable sources. First of all, as with the previous credit reviewed, this credit stipulates that electricity must be used and incorporated into the design of the project. For many projects in rural Africa, electricity simply isn’t a priority. Such projects are therefore eliminated from achieving this credit and many others in the Energy and Atmosphere category. To further complicate the issue, such renewable energy service providers in Africa are often not recognized by the American Center for Resource Solutions Green-e Energy product certification or its equivalents. Moreover, requiring a rural community to purchase more expensive electricity can endanger the financial sustainability of the programs housed in the building.
Renewable energy is good, of course. Efficient light bulbs, Low-flow faucets, recycled materials and innovations in design are also good – though the vision of the LEED rating system is severely limited. The point system only applies to architectural building standards; stopping short of financial relevance, client relations or, simply, development. When considering rural development in Africa, the needs and standards of construction must shift not simply to a new geographical and cultural context, but to one of development needs and capabilities. Energy standards must first recognize the importance of electricity itself a major step forward; and, for example, points for electric cars could be replaced by points for mosquito nets. This may sound like a simplification or a lowering of the LEED standard system. I am suggesting nothing of the sort; as building sustainably in Africa spans far beyond a simple system of design and construction standards. One size does not fit all.

新装屋顶和省油的木材燃烧炉的原有厨房；图片由Afritekt 的Charles Newman 提供
大量可持续性的房间
如果我们希望在非洲建筑可持续发展上形成真正的生产对话，我们必须考虑社会和经济因素。LEED黄金等级的一所学校没有书本、老师，甚至学生，将获得无关紧要的和不当的认证。某些非政府组织进口建材，并引入“绿色”建筑系统浪费了在当地购买建材，刺激当地经济的机会。此外，如果非政府组织吸引志愿者帮助施工，当地劳工将失去急需用于送孩子上学所需的工资。
自从在刚果的小镇与我的同事谈话以来，我又遇到了其他两种系统可以更好地对农村发展需求分类，并试图量化高品质设计和开发的影响。
SEED Network试图帮助指导诸如非洲农村这些地区的建筑和开发标准。SEED代表社会经济环境设计，构建了5项清晰的原则：
•        原则1：拥护那些在公共生活声音有限的人。
•        原则2：构建股东参与的结构，让社区作决定。
•        原则3：通过反映一系列价值观和社会观的对话促进社会平等。
•        原则4：生成源自当地的想法，发展当地能力。
•        原则5：设计要有利于节约资源和减少废物。
提交的项目均由“种子奖”评委会根据这些原则逐个进行审查—— 无需特定的分数或计分。在此您可以了解更多有关应用过程的信息。
kitchen rennovated with new roof and fuel efficient wood burning stove; Courtesy of Charles Newman of Afritekt
Plenty of Room for Sustainability
If we want to have a truly productive conversation on building sustainability in Africa, we must consider social and economic factors as well. A school with a gold LEED rating that does not have books, teachers, or even students would receive recognition that is irrelevant and undeserved. An NGO that imports building materials and introduces a “green” building system squanders an opportunity to help stimulate the local economy by buying locally. Moreover, if that NGO brings volunteers to help in construction, local laborers miss out on much needed salaries that could be used to send their children to school.
Since the conversation with my colleague in that small town in Congo, I have come across a pair of other systems that better categorize rural development needs and seek to quantify the effects of quality design and development.
One team of thinkers looking to help guide building and development standards in places such as rural Africa is the SEED Network. SEED stands for Social Economic Environmental Design, and is structured over 5 clear principals:
•        Principle 1: Advocate with those who have a limited voice in public life.
•        Principle 2: Build structures for inclusion that engage stakeholders and allow communities to make decisions.
•        Principle 3: Promote social equality through discourse that reflects a range of values and social identities.
•        Principle 4: Generate ideas that grow from place and build local capacity.
•        Principle 5: Design to help conserve resources and minimize waste.
Submitted projects are reviewed individually by the SEED Awards Jury according to these principals – with no need for specific points or totals. You can learn more about the application process here.

肯尼亚课堂项目。当地劳动力发挥其拉动地方经济的作用；图片由Afritekt 的Charles Newman 提供
Jeremy Gibberd，南非建筑师，提出了社会经济和环境建筑标准（在此进一步阐述到评分系统）作为农村开发项目成功的测量工具。他将其开发标准分为环境标准、经济标准和社会标准——简化技术性建筑的相关语言，并扩大使用、成本、参与和合同语言的对话。他的工作仍在进行中，但我认为他在正确的轨道上。
Gibberd和SEED的这些标准似乎触及了我心中所说的：落后的农村社区的可持续建筑不能局限于建筑物本身。项目的成功必须在较大的范围考虑，要包括社区参与、建筑技术、资金往来和开发。也许，这些系统的进一步扩大可能包括地方治理——将其社区开发的责任提升到一定的位置，以维持项目的规划和目标。
Classroom Project. Local labor plays it’s role in stimulating the local economy; Courtesy of Charles Newman of Afritekt
Jeremy Gibberd, an architect in South Africa, proposes Social Economic and Environmental building standards (further elaborated into a point system here) as a measuring tool for the success of a rural development project. He divides his development standards into Environmental, Economic and Social standards – simplifying the language surrounding technical building, and expanding the conversation to that of Use, Cost, Participation and Contracts. His work is still in progress, but I think he’s on the right track.
These standards from Gibberd and SEED seem to touch at the heart of what I am talking about: that sustainable building in disadvantaged, rural communities cannot be limited to architecture. Project success must be considered at a larger scale to include community involvement, building techniques, financial relationships, and development. Perhaps a further expansion of these systems could include local governance engagement – bringing those responsible for their community’s development into a position to sustain the projects programs and goals.

文章由LEED AP ，Charles Newman撰写。
Written by Charles Newman, LEED AP

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