本文转载自孚思厅

飓风住宅位于路易斯安那海岸，由于濒临墨西哥湾，因而常常受到形成于非洲海岸的海洋风暴的侵扰。以风眼为中心，飓风在北半球呈逆时针方向旋转，在南半球则呈顺时针方向旋转。为了明确设计的标准，建筑师对飓风的性质进行了考量。飓风往往包含一个长达15km的风暴圈，也就是人们所称的眼壁。眼壁是雨水和风力最强的范围，风力的转速可达每小时120英里。

The hurricane house is located near the Louisiana coastline which has a history of hurricanes and their destructive effects. Due to Louisianna’s location along the Gulf of Mexico and bordering the Atlantic, ocean storms accelerate descending on the state from the coast of Africa which is where they are formed. It is recorded that hurricanes twist around the eye of the storm, always in the same direction which is anticlockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the South. To determine the design criteria the nature of the hurricane is considered. Hurricanes consist of a ring of thunderstorms extending up to 15 km’s known as the eyewall. This is where the heaviest rain and strongest winds which can exceed 120 miles an hour rotate.

▼设计旨在打造能够抵御飓风袭击的灵活住宅，the project aims to provide a flexible house to move with the hurricane





在该项目中，建筑师借助飓风的强度，使建筑缓慢地沿着其螺旋形的护墙偏转，并通过随着风向转动的液压枢轴进行自我掩埋。为了抵御风暴等环境负荷，住宅必须具备足够的灵活性：一方面要能够随着飓风移动，一方面要具备充分的抗力和重力，从而深入其所在的工程景观之中。

The scheme uses the hurricane’s strength to slowly turn part of the structure along its helicoid retaining wall, burying itself as it turns by using wind direction to mobilize its hydraulic pivots. For this house to withstand environmental loads like winds it must be flexible enough to move with the hurricane, yet provide enough resistance and weight, to dig itself into its own excavated engineered landscape.

▼初始设计示意，preliminary sketch design



住宅包含一个主要的上部构造，承担了主要的居住功能。该结构能够以一种挖掘的姿态沿着螺旋式的护墙移动。建筑的核心是一个由钢筋混凝土构成的锚结构，其下方分布着根状的电缆地基网格。该结构深入地面，通过一系列液压升降柱支撑着上方的建筑，在居住空间发生移动的时候，该结构会围绕枢轴转动，同时向下进行挖掘，最终将建筑掩藏在已经部分挖掘完成的下方结构之中，从而防止飓风的袭击。经过精心设计和安排的建筑体量会随着飓风的风向转动。挖掘出的土壤会被推开，与此同时，环绕着建筑的人工岛屿会像雨蓬一样起到排水的作用。

The house has a main superstructure which holds the living accommodation, it can move along a helicoid retaining wall, excavating as it does so. The building’s core is a reinforced concrete anchor under which a grid of root-like cable foundations spread, pinned into the landscape this anchor supports the superstructure by using a series of hydraulic column lifts which pivot to turn the building, excavating its own substructure as the main living area moves, the immediate context provides different levels into which the building can rotate, burying itself into the already partly excavated landscape to protect itself from the hurricane. The architecture is choreographed by the wind direction of the hurricane, turning with it. The excavated ground is pushed away whilst the artificial island surrounding the building acts as a canopy moving water away from the building.

▼建筑的核心是一个由钢筋混凝土构成的锚结构，其下方分布着根状的电缆地基网格，the building’s core is a reinforced concrete anchor under which a grid of root-like cable foundations spread, pinned into the landscape



▼飓风来袭时，建筑会围绕枢轴转动，同时向下方进行挖掘，building excavates as it rotates into substructure landscape for hurricane protection



▼居住空间最终被掩藏在下方结构中，living area excavated and buried into substructure



▼螺旋式护墙示意，helicoid retaining wall, an engineered substructure landscape



▼旋转、挖掘和掩埋过程，the process of rotating, excavating and burying



人工岛屿上铺设着太阳能板，边缘则围绕着一圈涡轮，这一形如转盘的设计包含了64个独立的木制断面，能够引导雨水和洪水流出建筑。这些断面如同螺旋桨一般，为建筑提供了高效的排水系统。主要的居住空间依附于一个预制的钢筋混凝土框架，这一轻盈的结构包含一系列以橡胶覆盖的折叠墙体，使建筑能够灵活地移动。

Solar panels line the island’s floor plate panels and edged by a ring of turbines, the turntable like design consists of sixty-four separate timber sections that act as an irrigation field directing rain and floodwater away from the building, these contained sections are deeper closer to the building in order to help with efficient drainage, they act like a water screw. The building’s main living space is constructed from a precast reinforced concrete frame, this lightweight structure has a series of rubber-coated, concertina wall sections, providing flexibility to adapt during the building’s movement and circulation needs.

▼排水系统示意图，hurricane floodwater drainage, directing water away from the house



▼螺旋桨断面细部，constructed wetland frame acts as a water screw





建筑外围是一个景观式的人造岛屿，可将雨水从主居住空间排出。其周围的表层土壤能够将雨水和洪水导入深层土壤，使其远离建筑本身。水生植物构建出一块复合湿地，能够帮助改善土壤并净化水体，从而减少了飓风和洪水导致的污染。湿地还能够吸收并临时储存洪水，并慢慢将其释放出去，以避免对周围环境形成二次破坏。飓风在掠过和包围整座建筑时并不会产生极端的压力，而随着自身的旋转，这种压力也会被建筑本身驱散。建筑的静负荷使其能够在风速达70英里/时的情况下，仍旧以足够慢的速度旋转，从而避免了对建筑的伤害。同时，这一速度也足以抵挡飓风的全面伤害。

The house is enclosed by an artificial island which is landscaped to flush flood water away from the main living area, its surrounding topsoil navigates rain and flood water to drain into the deeper soil and away from the structure, similar to a bioswale. The macrophyte plants create a constructed wetland, this ecological residence aids land reclamation and water purification reducing any floodwater pollutants resulting from the hurricane. The wetland absorbs and temporarily stores floodwater releasing it slowly to avoid further damage to the surrounding area. The force of the hurricane does not exert extreme pressure build up as it skims over and around the entire building, whilst the building’s movement reflects the force dissipating it as the scheme twists. The building’s dead load gives it resistance to turn slowly enough when exposed to sustained winds over 70 miles an hour without causing further damage to the structure, but fast enough to avoid the hurricane’s full force.

▼水生植物构建出一块复合湿地，ring of wind turbines contain the constructed wetland





▼湿地还能够吸收并临时储存洪水，并慢慢将其释放出去，the constructed wetland absorbs and temporarily stores floodwater releasing it slowly to avoid further damage to the surrounding area







该项目原本是建筑团队为中国昆明的一所浴场而设计，其委托方是云南冶金集团。由于委托方对设计方案的研究十分感兴趣，同时又对可再生能源以及生态陆地保护表示支持，因而项目的功能和地理位置都发生了改变。

The origin and concept of this commission was for a spa in Kunming, China, on behalf of the Yunnan metallurgical group, the program and location have since changed due to the client’s interest in the research and support of renewable energy, ecological and environmental land preservation.

▼平面及剖面图，plan and section



Self-Excavation Hurricane House
Louisiana, United States
Margot Krasojević Architects
Residential Architecture, Industrial Architecture, Landscape Architecture, Sustainable Development, Technology + Science
Constructed wetland ecological residence
Photo credit: Margot Krasojević