联合国教科文组织认证的11座位于巴西的世界遗产
11 Brazilian UNESCO World Heritage Sites That Every Architect Must Visit
由专筑网李韧，邢子编译
在8月17日，巴西举国欢庆国家遗产日，该节日于1998年创立，目的是为了纪念国家历史艺术遗产机构（IPHAN）的历史学家兼第一任管理人员Rodrigo Melo Franco de Andrade诞辰100周年，同时，这也是为了让国民更加了解国家文化遗产。
为了庆祝遗产月，ArchDaily巴西版的合作伙伴HAUS精心挑选了11座位于巴西的世界遗产，这些作品都被联合国教科文组织列入了世界遗产名录。
On August 17th, Brazil celebrated its National Heritage Day. Created in 1998 to honor the historian and first president of IPHAN (National Historic and Artistic Heritage Institute), Rodrigo Melo Franco de Andrade, who would have turned 100 years old. This date aims to reinforce the recognition and appreciation of the country’s cultural heritage.
To celebrate heritage month, HAUS, an ArchDaily Brazil partner, selected 11 UNESCO World Heritage sites located on Brazilian soil.
Image: Raquel Mendes Silva/Wikimedia Commons/Reproduction
欧鲁普雷图古镇
欧鲁普雷图古镇（曾经名为“Vila Rica”）建造于1691年，是巴西第一座被联合国教科文组织列入世界遗产名录的城市。这座城市的结构布局是极具巴西殖民时期建筑风格。古镇里的宗教建筑在城市中具有特殊的代表性，其建筑由天花板壁画、石材艺术品、黄金细部组合而成。
国家历史艺术遗产机构官方的说法是，这座城市是“人造杰作”，诉说着“独一无二的文化传统”。
Historic Town of Ouro Preto
The city of Ouro Preto (formerly Vila Rica), founded in 1691, was the first city in Brazil to be named a UNESCO World Heritage Site (1980). The city's structure is one of the most singular manifestations of Brazilian colonial architecture. Ouro Preto's religious architecture has a strong presence in the city, and is adorned with ceiling paintings, stonework, and gold details.
According to IPHAN, the city is a "man-made masterpiece" that tells a “unique testimony of a cultural tradition.”
Image: Roberto Rosa/Iphan/Reproduction
奥林达镇历史中心
奥林达镇历史中心的历史印记是17世纪荷兰人入侵时留下的特征，但其最大的特点则在于这里的绿色景观和海洋，这些景观要素构成了历史背景和建筑风格的多样性。在这里仍然保留有16世纪的遗产作品，以及18世纪和19世纪的独特瓷砖，还有20世纪早期新古典主义和折中主义的建筑作品。这里有Carmo教堂，这座教堂后来被荷兰入侵者烧毁，但之后又被原样重建。
这座城镇于1982年为联合国教科文组织列入世界遗产名录，并被官方认证其代表“人类历史的重要阶段”。
Historic Center of the Town of Olinda
With a history marked by lootings and fires from the 17th-century Dutch invasion, Olinda’s best attributes are its green landscape and the sea, which serve as a background to the landscape and diverse, architectural styles. Here it is possible to find exemplars of 16th-century heritage, unique tiles from the 18th and 19th centuries, and neoclassic and eclectic buildings dating from the early 20th century. Among them is the Carmo church, burned by the Dutch but rebuilt with its original characteristics.
The city was included on the UNESCO World Heritage list in 1982 and illustrates “important stages of human history.”
Courtesy of Haus
瓜拉尼耶稣会教堂——São Miguel das Missões遗址
São Miguel Arcanjo项目建造于1687年，是耶稣会的欧洲牧师的委托项目。巴西土著人和欧洲人民之间的密切联系促进了一项名为“Missionary Baroque”的特殊艺术活动，该项目结合了土著特色和欧洲美学。
该遗址于1985年列入世界遗产名录，官方认证其为瓜拉尼土地上最重要的耶稣使命。
Jesuit Missions of the Guaranis – Ruins of São Miguel das Missões
São Miguel Arcanjo, founded in 1687, was a mission where European priest of the Society of Jesus converted Brazilian natives. The intense contact between indigenous Brazilians and Europeans gave origin to a singular artistic activity called 'Missionary Baroque,' which blends indigenous and European aesthetics.
The ruins were included on the UNESCO list in 1985. According to IPHAN, this is one of the most significant Jesuit missions on Guarani land.
Image: Iphan/Reproduction
孔戈尼亚斯的仁慈耶稣圣殿
孔戈尼亚斯的仁慈耶稣圣殿始建于1757年，其中有6个礼拜堂。教堂和祭坛的建造时间大约为100年。建筑有着浓郁的巴洛克风格，当时的建造者为Aleijadinho和 Manoel da Costa Athayde。
该项目于1985年列入世界遗产名录，是“文化传统的见证”和“天才的杰作”。
Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Congonhas
The construction of the Sanctuary of Bom Jesus do Congonhas began in 1757. The construction of the sanctuary forms six chapels. The Bom Jesus do Matosinhos church and the altar of the prophets (an area that holds the sculptures) took more than a hundred years to build. Considered a masterpiece of Baroque architecture, it was built by Aleijadinho and Manoel da Costa Athayde.
It was named a heritage site in 1985 and is “a testimony of a cultural tradition” and “a masterpiece of creative genius.”
Image: Bigstock
Salvador da Bahia历史中心
Salvador对于巴西的发展来说非常重要，在1763年，里约热内卢这座城市逐渐蓬勃发展，取代了Salvador国家首都和经济中心的重要地位。该项目设计者为Luis Dias，城市的历史布局被细分为城镇和港口“Cidade Baixa”、行政与宗教中心“Cidade Alta”。由于这里的建筑风格既有文艺复兴时期特征，同时也有巴洛克时期风格，因此在17世纪和18世纪，当地的纪念性建筑发展尤为迅速，城市中的许多经典建筑就来源于此时期，例如Salvador教堂（曾名为耶稣会祖堂）和Sao Bento教堂修道院。
Salvador da Bahia历史中心于1985年列入世界遗产名录。
Historic Center of Salvador da Bahia
Salvador has remained a vital location in Brazil even after Rio de Janeiro took its title (capital and economic center) in 1763. Designed by Luis Dias, the city’s historic urban layout is divided between “Cidade Baixa” (Downtown, which includes the port) and “Cidade Alta” (Uptown, which includes the administrative and religious centers). Its monumental architecture reached its height in the 17th and 18th centuries due to the transition from the Renaissance to the Baroque era. The town’s symbolic buildings are from this period, such as Salvador Cathedral (formerly a Jesuit Church) and the Church and Monastery of Sao Bento.
The Historic Center of Salvador da Bahia became a heritage site in 1985.
Image: Unesco/Reproduction
巴西利亚三权广场
巴西利亚三权广场是巴西现代建筑的代表，在Lucio Costa设计的纪念性城市施工3年半之后，巴西利亚三权广场于1960年4月21日正式投入使用。项目由四部分构成，即纪念塔、住宅、社会中心，以及田园景观。项目由奥斯卡•尼迈耶设计，诸如伊塔马拉蒂宫、国家剧院，以及大教堂建筑都已经成为了国家名片。
巴西议会大厦于1987年列入世界遗产名录。
Brasilia
An icon of Brazilian modern architecture, Brasilia was inaugurated on April 21, 1960, three and a half years after the construction of the monumental city designed by Lucio Costa had begun. Laid out along two axes that cross at a right angle, Brasilia creates four well defined urban scales (monumental, residential, gregarious, and bucolic). Designed by Oscar Niemeyer, buildings such as the Itamaraty Palace, the National Theater, and the Cathedral have become the capital’s postcards.
Brasilia was included on the World Heritage list in 1987.
Image: Iphan/Reproduction
Sao Luís do Maranhao历史中心
建造于1615年的Sao Luís城市位于巴西西北地区，这里在17世纪中叶同样受到荷兰人的入侵。其街道、广场、楼梯、建筑成为城市的主要象征。建筑的独特设计让游客们在炎热的气候中仍然能感受到阵阵凉爽，因为建筑师运用了诸如蓝色瓷砖、百叶窗、门廊、阳台等诸多通风庇荫要素。
Sao Luís do Maranhao历史中心于1997年列入世界遗产名录，这座城市是“独特文化传统的历史见证”。
Historic Center of Sao Luís do Maranhao
Located in the Northeastern region of Brazil, Sao Luís (founded in 1615) is another location that was invaded by the Dutch in the mid-17th century. With its streets, squares, plazas, and stairs, architecture is the city's main attraction. Its structures were designed to keep visitors cool in the warm climate with ventilation and shade in the buildings, azulejos tiles, shuttered windows, porches, and balconies.
Included on UNESCO World's Heritage list in 1997, the city was recognized for its “testimony of exceptional cultural tradition.”
Image: Unesco/Reproduction
迪亚曼蒂纳城历史中心
该项目由葡萄牙王室于1731年建造而成，目的是占领钻石开采区域，而这也是巴西和欧洲文化的又一次碰撞。其建筑风格较为简约，例如粉刷的墙体、鲜艳色彩的门窗，以及郁郁葱葱的绿色景观。
迪亚曼蒂纳城历史中心于1999年列入世界遗产名录。
Historic Center of Diamantina
Founded by the Portuguese Crown in 1731 to take hold of the diamond extraction region, Diamantina is another testament to the fusion of Brazilian and European design. Its architecture is simple: houses with whitewashed walls, vivid colors that adorn doors and windows, and cobogós that integrate with the lush landscape.
The Historic Center of Diamantina became a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1999.
Image: Wagner Araujo/Iphan/Reproduction
Goiás历史中心
Goiás由来自圣保罗的探险家于1727年建造，城市保留了诸如Fogaréu阵列等宗教传统。这也是当地传统建筑的代表，其中有单层建筑、殖民时期建筑，以及折中主义建筑。宗教建筑的风格较为简约，但保留有晚期巴洛克特征，这也类似于Minas Gerais教堂的早期风格。
Goiás历史中心于2001年列入世界遗产名录，它代表了“建筑、城市规划、艺术与景观设计发展中的人类价值”。
Historic Center of Goiás
Goiás was founded in 1727 by explorers from Sao Paulo. The city preserves religious traditions such as the Fogaréu procession. It has a vernacular architectural ensemble, with a predominance of single story, colonial, and eclectic houses. The religious architecture stands out for its simplicity, showing traces of a “late” Baroque style, similar to that of the first phase of the style contemplated by the churches of Minas Gerais.
The Historic Center of Goiás was included in 2001 for representing “a considerable exchange of human values in the development of architecture, urban planning, arts and landscape design.”
Image: Aglaia Oliveira/Pixabay/Reproduction
潘普利亚现代建筑
项目位于Belo Horizonte（Minas Gerais）的传统地区，而潘普利亚现代建筑也是获得“现代遗产文化景观”称号的第一座文化遗址，其设计者为奥斯卡•尼迈耶，是其重要的代表作品。
人工湖的周围环绕着四座建筑，即São Francisco de Assis教堂、赌场（现为潘普拉艺术博物馆）、舞厅（现为Belo Horizonte城市、建筑、设计中心），以及高尔夫游艇俱乐部。
这些建筑建造于1942年至1943年间，由Belo Horizonte的市长Juscelino Kubitschech主持建设，Juscelino Kubitschech在20年之后成为了巴西利亚的总统。该项目由azulejos瓷砖面板覆盖而成，这些瓷砖上还有着Candido Portinari的签署印记，另外其中还有来自于艺术家Alfredo Ceschiatti、 José Alves Pedrosa设计制作的雕塑作品，以及由Roberto Burle Marx设计的花园。
建筑于1997年收入国家历史艺术遗产机构，并且于2016年列入世界遗产名录。
Pampulha Modern Ensemble
Located in one of the most traditional areas of Belo Horizonte (Minas Gerais), the Pampulha Modern Ensemble is the first cultural heritage site to receive the title of "Cultural Landscape of Modern Heritage." It was designed by Oscar Niemeyer and is one of his most important works.
There are four buildings laid out around an artificial lake: the São Francisco de Assis church, a casino (current Pampulha Art Museum), a ballroom (current the Belo Horizonte Reference Center for Urbanism, Architecture and Design), and the Golf Yacht Club.
They were built between the years of 1942 and 1943 and inaugurated by the then mayor of Belo Horizonte, Juscelino Kubitschech, who, twenty years later, would become the president who inaugurated Brasilia. The set is completed by azulejos tiles panels signed by Candido Portinari and sculptures by artists such as Alfredo Ceschiatti and José Alves Pedrosa, alongside gardens designed by Roberto Burle Marx.
Listed by IPHAN in 1997, the ensemble received its UNESCO World Heritage Site title in 2016.
Image: Agência Brasil/Achieve/Tomaz Silva
里约热内卢Valongo Wharf考古遗址
近期，里约热内卢Valongo 码头考古遗址也被列入世界遗产名录，这里是早期美国非洲奴隶们的主要进入港口，据估计，这里接收的奴隶大约有90万人。在Porto Maravilha的施工过程中，这片考古遗址于2011年被考古学家所发现，经过分析这里的建筑大约建造于1811年。在经过项目复原之后，码头的残骸在Barão de Teté大街向公众开放展示。
该项目于2017年列入世界遗产名录，这代表了一种普世价值观，即奴隶制所代表的反人类暴力行为的历史，以及非洲人民在文化、社会、经济方面为巴西所作出的贡献。
文章来源：Haus
Valongo Wharf Archeological Site – Rio de Janeiro
The most recent Brazilian Heritage to be listed by UNESCO, the Valongo Wharf Archeological Site, in Rio de Janeiro, was the main port of entrance for African slaves in all of America, receiving around 900 thousand slaves, according to UNESCO estimations. Dated from 1811, the wharf was discovered by archeologists in 2011, during the construction for Porto Maravilha. Recovered, the remnants of the wharf were exhibited and are open for visitation on Barão de Teté Avenue.
The inclusion as a World Heritage was made in 2017 and represents the recognition of its universal value as a memory of the violence against humanity that slavery represents, as well as the contribution that African people have given to the cultural, social and economic formation of the country.
By Haus.
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