Quadratura Circuli Aim to Revive Russian Religious Architecture with Cultural Center in Reykjavik
由专筑网周韦博，刘庆新编译
有争议的一种说法是，俄国的宗教建筑依旧保守。在苏联时期反宗教的打压下，宗教建筑难以生存。俄国建筑师Philip Yakubchuk表明，近些年一些宗教建筑才有复苏的迹象，并努力寻找曾经的辉煌。俄罗斯青年设计师三人组Daniil Makarov, Ivan Zemlyakov和 Yakubchuk以圣巴塞尔大教堂为基础，希望复兴甚至创造属于21世纪的俄罗斯宗教建筑。
这个组合的拉丁名称翻译过来是“将圆形拉成正方形”，隐喻了一种不可完成的任务，即为现代人设计庙宇。然而，他们为冰岛雷克雅未克设计的俄罗斯正教文化中心展现出想要联系过去和现在的文化并非不可能。
Religious architecture in Russia, arguably, remains backward-looking. With the Soviet Union’s anti-religious stance in the 20th century, religious architecture found little opportunity to grow. Russian architect, Philip Yakubchuk argues that only recently has religious Russian architecture begun “learning to walk again” as it discovers its once-rich history. Quadratura Circuli, a trio of young Russian designers Daniil Makarov, Ivan Zemlyakov, and Yakubchuk, are eager to move beyond the image of St Basil’s Cathedral—seeking to revitalize and create a new image of Russian religious architecture for the 21st century.
The group’s Latin name translates to “Squaring the Circle” which is a metaphor used to describe a task that is believed to be impossible—a striking name for a group dedicated entirely to “designing temples for the people of today.” However, with their proposal for a Russian Orthodox Cultural Center in Reykjavik, Iceland, Cuadratura Circuli demonstrates that it is not impossible to link the art of the past and the culture of the present.
Courtesy of Cuadratura Circuli
这个项目可能成为俄罗斯当代宗教建筑的催化剂，同时也促进当地市民生活水平的提高。俄罗斯正教文化中心距雷克雅未克老城中心仅仅700米，它包括一座教堂、洗礼堂和多功能教区办公所。场地紧邻住宅区和一处准备重新开发的港口区。新的文化中心作为社区的热点，正好象征着雷克雅未克这一区域的革新。
While the project is a possible catalyst for contemporary religious Russian architecture, the project’s local context also makes the project a catalyst for civic liveliness in the area. Situated only 700 meters away from Reykjavik’s historic core, the proposed Russian Orthodox Cultural Center includes a church, a baptistery, and a multi-purpose parish house. The site borders a residential zone and an old port territory which is also going through redevelopment. The Cultural Center is imagined to be a social hotspot and thus one of the agents for change and improvement in this area of Reykjavik.
Courtesy of Cuadratura Circuli
建筑的形式结合了传统俄式教堂的元素和极简主义者中的北欧审美观。在这座象征性的建筑中，建筑师充分考量了当地的因素，如气候、太阳辐射量和景观，来决定从两种文化中挑选何种元素。以教区办公所为例，它的底层类似于传统俄式Podklet——一种未利用的仓库空间，透露出一丝冰冷。而上层空间则采用保温的木质结构，从而为整个中心提供了一定生活空间。
The proposed design combines the composition of a traditional Russian church with the minimalist Nordicaesthetic. In this symbiotic union, the architects used regional factors such as climate, sun exposure, and landscape to determine which elements to adopt from both cultures. The Parish House for example, is a nod to tradition. Its lower floor functions like a traditional Russian podklet—an unoccupied maintenance or storage room with its cooler temperature. The second floor of the Parish House is more insulated with wood construction and thus provides the accommodation for the center.
Courtesy of Cuadratura Circuli
而教堂本身，并没有采用装饰性石材为特色的俄式教堂，而学习了北欧极简主义风格，采用无修饰的白色粉刷墙和灰色木质屋顶。这种审美观下设计的建筑不仅仅和周边建成环境相匹配，在北欧低角度的阳光下还能展现优雅的美感，从而补充了寒冷北欧国家的景观。
For the Chapel itself, the decorative masonry typical of Russian church architecture has been replaced with Nordic purity and minimalism through the use of plain unadorned white stucco walls and a gray wooden roof. Not only does the aesthetic match the neighboring structures in the area, but the stucco also produces a beautiful effect in the low northern sun and complements the landscape of the cold Nordic country.
Courtesy of Cuadratura Circuli
设计不对称的形态这一灵感来源于俄罗斯北部（靠近爱沙尼亚）的PSKOV的古老教堂，而黏土粉饰的曲面则展现出如同柯布西耶朗香教堂的雕塑感。除此之外，该项目还模仿了现代主义教堂中经典的不规则开窗。正如Yakubchuk写道：“散布的小窗透出昏暗的光线，营造出一种亲密的氛围，非常适合祈祷。”同时，这些窗户也考虑到了当地的气候：小的窗洞使得冬天不至于流失过多热量，夏季还能提供凉爽的通风。
The designers credit the project’s asymmetrical composition to the ancient churches found in Pskov, a region of northern Russia bordering Estonia, but with its stucco-clad curves the Cultural Center exhibits the same sculptural sweeping effervescence of Le Corbusier’s Notre Dame du Haut. Aside from these formal qualities, the project also emulates the ephemeral interior qualities that are created by the modernist chapel’s irregular fenestration. As Yakubchuk writes: "Small scattered windows… give dimmed light to create an intimate atmosphere suitable for prayer.” But these windows also serve a regional purpose, as they reduce heat loss in the winter and keep in the cool air in the summer.
Courtesy of Cuadratura Circuli
这个项目中，设计师将俄式宗教建筑解读为灵活的和创造性的。在此基础上，建筑师创造了一种新的形式，并强调了它与21世纪生活的关系。事实上，这个方案仅仅是正式的三个方案之一，但对于Cuadratura Circuli来说，这表明用当代语汇设计传统建筑并非不可能。
This proposal interprets Russian religious architecture as flexible and innovative. Consequently, the architects revitalize the image of these buildings and emphasize their relevance in varied applications for 21st century life. In fact, this proposal for the Russian Cultural Center is only one of three other formal iterations. For Cuadratura Circuli, it is definitely not impossible to build traditionally within a contemporary language.
Courtesy of Cuadratura Circuli
Courtesy of Cuadratura Circuli
Courtesy of Cuadratura Circuli
Courtesy of Cuadratura Circuli
出处：本文译自www.archdaily.com/，转载请注明出处。
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