© New York World-Telegram and the Sun staff photographer [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

关于弗兰克•劳埃德•赖特你不知道的26件事
26 Things You Didn't Know About Frank Lloyd Wright

由专筑网李韧，韩平编译

150年前的六月，一个受人尊敬、很有影响力的美国建筑师——弗兰克•劳埃德•赖特诞生了。在他七十年的职业生涯中，赖特形成了自己独特的“有机建筑”风格，以及“草原住宅”的居住模式，还有其标志性的代表作，如纽约古根海姆博物馆、宾夕法尼亚的流水别墅。

赖特不仅仅是一位建筑师，更是一位社会批评家和梦想家，他的个人生活和其建筑贡献一样出名。赖特的职业生涯的不同阶段都可用传记记录下来，例如在作家Anatxu Zabalbeascoa和Javier Rodríguez Marcos的《建筑师的生活传记》一书记录的那样，为了庆祝赖特的诞辰，我们收集了一份传记细节清单，让你对二十世纪最经久不衰的一些建筑作品背后的故事有所了解。

以下便是我们发现的小事件：

1、他不到20岁时，但是还没毕业，就游学去了芝加哥追逐建筑师梦想。

2、他的第一份工作是在建筑师约瑟夫•西斯比的办公室工作，这位建筑师设计了一个教堂，他的叔叔在那里当牧师。

3、在于西斯比共事不久后，赖特辞掉这里的工作并且以学徒的身份来到沙利文事务所。赖特在沙利文事务所工作的第一项目是芝加哥大会堂，这成为了他第一个成名作。

4、22岁时，赖特买下了芝加哥橡树园的一块土地，在这里建造他和他的第一任妻子凯瑟琳的房子。为了支付房子的费用，赖特与沙利文签订了一份5年的合同，并且得到了5000美元的预付款。

150 years ago this month saw the birth of one of the most regarded, studied, influential architects of the twentieth century - American architect Frank Lloyd Wright. With a career spanning over seventy years, Wright developed his own distinct style of 'organic architecture', a new residential model of 'prairie house', as well as iconic schemes such as the Guggenheim in New York, and Fallingwater in Pennsylvania.
More than an architect, Wright was a social critic and visionary, just as well-known for his personal life as he is for his architectural contributions. The various stages of Wright's career can be narrated in tandem with biographical episodes, as exemplified in the book "Lives built, Biographies of architects" by authors Anatxu Zabalbeascoa and Javier Rodríguez Marcos. In celebration of Wright's birthday and life, we have compiled a list of biographical details to give you an insight into the man behind some of the twentieth century's most enduring pieces of architecture.
This is what we discovered.

1. Less than 20 years old, and not yet graduated from school, he traveled to Chicago to fulfill his dream of being an architect.
2. His first job was working in the office of Joseph Lyman Silsbee, the architect who had designed a church where his uncle preached.
3. Shortly after working with Silsbee, Wright left for a position as an apprentice in Adler & Sullivan's office. The first building which Wright worked on for Louise Sullivan was the Auditorium Building, allowing him to establish a name both within the office and across the country.
4. At age 22, Wright decided to buy land in Oak Park to build the house where he lived with his first wife, Catherine. To pay for the house, Wright gets Sullivan to offer him a 5-year contract and a $5000 prepayment.


Image © Wikimedia User John Delano of Hammond, Indiana

5、在赖特和沙利文之间有一段师生关系的矛盾，1893年沙利文在得知赖特违反规则偷偷接私活时，他就将赖特开除了。

6、W.H. Winslow是一位铁艺饰品制造商，沙利文常常在建筑中用到他的建筑装饰材料，这位制造商委托年轻的赖特设计他的第一座草原住宅。Winslow的住宅是在赖特一系列作品中第一个明确定义为有机风格的建筑，其特点是这些建筑与自然环境之间存在着强烈的联系，并将楼梯与壁炉放置在住宅的中央。

5. Between Frank Lloyd Wright and Louis Sullivan, a close teacher-disciple relationship ensued, which was broken in 1893 when Sullivan fired Wright after learning that he had been taking personal work in secret.
6. W.H. Winslow, a wrought-iron ornament maker, who's decorations were used by Sullivan in his buildings, commissioned a young Wright to design the first of his prairie houses. The Winslow house was the first in a series of houses that defined Wright's organic style, characterized by having a strong link with their natural environment and placing the staircase and fireplace the heart of the dwelling.


Image © Western Pennsylvania Conservancy

7、赖特经常将他客户的家作为实验建筑，尝试各种风格，如源于苏格兰艺术和手工艺的风格，或玛雅几何的尤卡坦庙宇风格。

8、1893年，著名的伯纳姆和鲁特工作室向赖特伸出了橄榄枝，邀请他与他们的公司合作。伯纳姆向赖特提供了在巴黎的培训三年机会，在那里他可以和他的妻子以及六个孩子住在一起，还有两年在罗马学习古典文学，然而赖特却拒绝了这个邀请。

9、40岁时，赖特曾建议了一种建筑新风格，即杜绝阁楼以及潮湿的地下室的使用。

10、日本是赖特展翅高飞的地方，他在日本从事版画收购和转售的工作，缓解了许多财政问题。

7. Wright often used his client's homes as test laboratories, experimenting with styles such as English tutor, derived from the Scottish arts and crafts, or the Mayan geometry of Yucatan temples.
8. In 1893, Daniel Burnham of the renowned Burnham & Root studio offered Wright a partnership in his firm. Burnham offered Wright three years of training in Paris, where he could reside with his wife and six children, and two more years in Rome to learn from the classics. Wright rejected the offer.
9. At the age of 40, Frank Lloyd Wright had instigated a new style in domestic architecture, putting an end to wasted attics and damp basements.
10. Japan became a recurring destination for Wright, who worked in the acquisition and resale of Japanese prints, offering a relief to the financial problems that constantly afflicted them.


Image © Wikimedia user Steven C. Price licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0

11、赖特的一个爱好是和他的黄色敞篷车呆在一起，这是一辆他自己白手起家购买的Stoddard Dayton。

12、本世纪初，流行杂志开始出版赖特的作品，一位德国出版商对他的作品感兴趣，芝加哥的报纸杂志记者也对他的私生活感兴趣，报道了许多有争议的新闻。

13、赖特设计和建造塔里艾森位于农村的山坡上，他与情妇Mamah Cheney在这里生活。然而二十世纪最优秀的建筑师也会来这里向赖特讨教学习。

14、塔里艾森项目在建时，他也受到了两个大项目的委托：米德韦花园和东京帝国酒店。

11. One of Wright's passions was to spend time with his yellow convertible, a Stoddard Dayton that he himself had to build from scratch.
12. At the beginning of the century, popular magazines began to publish Wright's homes and a German publisher became interested in his complete work. Chicago newspapers were also becoming interested in his private life, publishing controversial news about his infidelities with married women.
13. Wright designed and built Taliesin on a rural hillside to live with his mistress, Mamah Cheney. Here, some of the best architects of the twentieth century would come to learn from Wright.
14. While building Taliesin, he was commissioned with two of his greatest projects: Midway Gardens and the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo.


Image © en:user:Fg2 (Own work) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons

15、1914年，由于他的管家故意纵火，塔里艾森的7个人不幸遇难，其中有赖特的学徒、学生，还有Mamah Cheney和赖特的两个孩子。

16、位于加利福尼亚帕萨迪纳的Miniature是赖特“纺织板块”系统中的代表，是混凝土砌块几何图案装饰的一种实验方法。

15. Seven people died in 1914 including apprentices, students, Mamah Cheney and Wright's two children as a result of a fire in Taliesin intentionally started by their butler.
16. The Miniature, in Pasadena, Californa, was the first of four houses that Wright would build with the "textile blocks" system, an experimental technique of concrete blocks ornamented with geometric patterns.


Image © Wikimedia user Mike Dillon licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0

17、塔里艾森发生了两次火灾，然而赖特没有足够的钱为其重建，他的一批客户成立了一个组织来偿还债务。为了将塔里艾森维持下去，该团体开始以收费入学的方式让学生们学习并且“体验赖特的生活方式”。

18、在新墨西哥，赖特建立了西塔里艾森，他搬到他第二任妻子Olgivanna Lazović家，她是一位舞者。

17. Taliesin would burn twice more, and as Wright did not have enough money for its reconstruction, a group of former clients organized a partnership to pay their debts. To keep Taliesin economically viable, the society devised programs in which students paid an enrollment to be able to learn and "experience the lifestyle of Frank Lloyd Wright".
18. In New Mexico, Wright built Taliesin West, the home he moved to with his second wife, the Montenegrin dancer,.


Image © Wikimedia user AndrewHorne licensed under CC BY 3.0

19、流水别墅是受富豪考夫曼的父母委托的，这是一位居住在塔里艾森的年轻历史学家。

20、记者Herbert Jacobs委托赖特设计一座小房子，这座房子在年轻的建筑师中很受欢迎，业主开始向前来参观的人收费。

21、二战期间，当大多数的建筑物的建设都停了下来，赖特开始设计美国风别墅，这种经济适用房将彻底改变美国建筑的概念。

22、赖特在纽约度过了他生命的最后时光，他在那里监督古根海姆博物馆的建设。

23、在晚年，赖特为玛丽莲•梦露和阿瑟•米勒设计了一所房子。

19. Fallingwater was commissioned by the parents of Edgar J. Kaufman, a young historian living in Taliesin.
20. The journalist Herbert Jacobs commissioned Wright to design a small house that was so popular among young architects that its owner began to charge those who came to see it.
21. During World War II, when most of the buildings were stopped, Wright begins designing the Usonian houses, affordable housing that would revolutionize the American concept of domestic architecture.
22. Wright spent the last years of his life living in the suite at the Hotel Plaza in New York, from where he supervised the construction of the Guggenheim.
23. During his later life, Wright designed a house for Marilyn Monroe and Arthur Miller.


Image © Flickr user Sam valadi licensed under CC BY 2.0

24、80岁时，他发表了支持横向形体的宣言，指责甚至引起眩晕感的高层建筑。

25、90岁时，他前往巴格达会见伊拉克国王，国王将城市项目委托给他，然而随着国王被暗杀，这个项目也成为幻影。

26、在他生命的最后几年里，他通过犀利的演讲来与年轻一代建筑师分享他的知识。在他的最后一次演讲中，他公开赞扬了沙利文和他所取得的建筑成就。

由作家Anatxu Zabalbeascoa和Javier Rodríguez Marcos所著、Gustavo Gili 编辑的《建筑师的生活传记》一书中，汇集了从文艺复兴到现代运动20个著名建筑师的故事。每一个故事都引人入胜，探索每个建筑师的生活，而不是急于八卦，但正是因为这些传记故事，才让我们能够更加了解一些作品的起源。

24. At the age of 80, he published manifestos in favor of horizontality, accusing verticality of provoking vertigo.
25. At the age of 90, he traveled to Baghdad to meet the king of Iraq, who commissioned an urban project that would not materialize due to the assassination of the monarch.
26. In the last years of his life, he dedicated himself to sharing his knowledge with younger generations through poignant lectures. In one of his last talks, he publicly paid tribute to Louis Sullivan, and the architectural revolution he had achieved.

"Lives built, Biographies of architects" by authors Anatxu Zabalbeascoa and Javier Rodríguez Marcos and edited by Gustavo Gili, brings together the biographies of 20 of the most celebrated architects that existed from the Renaissance to the Modern Movement. Each story is a fascinating story that explores the lives of each author, not with an eagerness to gossip, but because each biographical episode allows us to understand the origin of some works.


出处：本文译自www.archdaily.com/，转载请注明出处。