Image Courtesy of Framlab

建筑师与流浪汉：我们看到了哪些策略？
Architecture and Homelessness: What Approaches Have We Seen?

由专筑网李韧，王帅编译

2005年的联合国普查显示，全球流浪人员数量大约为10亿，而大约有16亿的人缺乏充足的住房，而这一数字仍在不断攀升，经济适用房的缺乏已经成为全球问题，这让整个弱势群体都很难找到合适的住所。

在当前世界，许多人投资住房，这让住宅成为了一种财富，它并没有起到居住空间的原始作用，而建筑师们不断地希望通过创意性思维和设计来解决这些问题，那么，建筑策略真的能解决这一问题吗？

流浪人员的产生原因非常复杂，同时也涉及到诸多因素，在第一世界国家的大型城市中，对于流浪人员的漠视情况时有发生，许多人认为“这种生活方式由他们自身一手造成”，亦或是人们会认为这个群体非常懒惰，缺乏责任感。那么问题来了，既然第一世界国家已经如此发达，那么为什么流浪人员的问题仍然存在呢？在澳大利亚墨尔本，2015年就有82724座房产无人购买，还有那么多人在街上流浪无处可去，却同时又有这么多空余房产，这样的对比有些嘲讽。社会经济适用房非常缺乏，而豪华的公寓住所却被当成了投资手段，这是当前经济市场的一大现象，在这样的市场状况下，也许部分人群可以获利，但这显然不是最为宜居的市场状况，这个问题的产生与政府也有关系。

建筑师常常带有一定的社会责任感，同时希望能够通过自己的绵薄之力为社会环境的改善作出贡献，虽然流浪人员的问题无法通过建筑师一手解决，但是建筑师至少可以通过设计的方式去改善当前这一状况，同时加强城市与市民之间的联系。

那么接下来我们来探讨一些有趣的设计概念，以及一些较为基础的城市设计策略。

临时解决方案

这些只是针对无家可归人员的临时策略，其中有临时住房设施和逃避问题的“敌意建筑”。

In the last global survey undertaken by the United Nations in 2005, there were an estimated 100 million people who were homeless around the world and 1.6 billion who lived without adequate housing. This number has escalated in recent years; unaffordable housing has become a global norm, making it increasingly difficult for the disadvantaged to seek out permanent, or even temporary shelter.
As housing becomes a means of accumulating wealth rather than fulfilling its fundamental goal of shelter, well-intentioned architects have attempted to solve the homelessness crisis through creative ideas and innovative design. But is architecture really the solution?
The causes of homelessness are complex and play into a number of structural factors and individual circumstances. In the large cities of first-world countries, we often see an animosity towards the homeless, a mentality that “they chose this lifestyle,” or misconceptions that homelessness is a result of laziness or lack of responsibility. However, it is an unavoidable fact that with the wealth of first-world countries, homelessness should not be the global issue that it is today. In Melbourne, Australia, 82,724 properties sit vacant as of 2015; a perverse number when we consider the hundreds sleeping rough on the streets and tens of thousands in temporary shelters. The lack of social housing while empty luxury apartments are used as investment properties presents a merciless image of an economic market that favours profit over liveability and governments that sweep the issue under the rug.
Architecture has often gone hand in hand with a sense of social responsibility and desire to improve society through the built environment. Although it is impossible for the issue of homelessness to be “solved” by architecture alone, a reluctance to engage with and design for this issue would represent a failure to interact with the issues of the city and its inhabitants.
Below we explore some interesting concepts for short-term solutions, as well as some ways in which cities are dealing with the problem on a more fundamental level.

Proposals for Temporary Solutions
These proposals focus on short-term solutions for the homeless, from emergency shelters to “hostile architecture" that attempts to push the problem elsewhere.


© Flickr user KOMUnews licensed under CC BY 2.0

临时住房设施

临时住房设施可以让流浪人员在这里住上几天，同时为他们提供一些必要的生活设施，但是，流浪人员的数量实在太多，这种设施供不应求。一些永久性住房设施的设计也不容乐观，甚至看上去有些像监狱，这显然不是一个宜居的场所。因此人们常常认为，这样的临时场所，并不能解决流浪人员的根本问题。

在比利时的布鲁塞尔，当地法规不允许人们在街上搭帐篷，因此露营同样被禁止。由Xavier Van der Stappen构想的ORIG-GAMI项目，设计师则通过折叠纸板为那些流落街头的人们制造了临时住所，同时这些纸板也由工厂免费捐赠，这种原材料因其便携性而被使用。

另一个类似的设计方案则来源于意大利Zo-Loft公司，该项目名为“WheelLY Recycled Homeless Shelter”，它有着轮子形态的铝制框架，同时还能打开用作帐篷，其特殊的形态也让其便于携带，其中甚至可以放置250磅（约113千克）的个人物品，轮子的侧面还可以用于发布广告，这大大减少了制作成本，将其打开之后，它既可以用作椅子，也可以用作临时睡床。

Emergency Shelters
Emergency shelters allow the homeless to be shielded by the elements and have a safe place to stay for a few nights, but the demand for homeless shelters completely outstrips supply. Many permanent emergency shelters are also designed poorly, having more in common with a prison or hospital than a friendly place to stay. Many emphasise their use as temporary accommodation, which does not resolve the emotions of anxiety and instability associated with homelessness.
In Brussels, canvas tents are banned on the streets as camping is not allowed. The ORIG-GAMI project, conceived by Xavier Van der Stappen, uses foldable cardboard tents to create a temporary solution for those sleeping on the streets. The cardboard is donated by a cardboard factory and its origami foldability allows users to transport them easily while seeking shelter.
Another similar design is the WheelLY Recycled Homeless Shelter by Italian firm Zo-Loft, which consists of a wheel-shaped aluminium frame that can expand into a tent. Its rollable design makes it easy to transport, with a cloth bag holding up to 250 pounds of personal items inside. The side of the wheel can also be used as space for advertising, to reduce cost. It can be expanded half-open to act as a chair, or fully open for sleeping.


Stephane Malka's A-KAMP47. Image Courtesy of Lauren Garbit, via Metropolis Magazine

“寄生”住宅

建筑师还脑洞大开，为流浪人员们设计了“寄生”住宅，这种住宅附属在现有建筑之中，这样也许能够降低建造成本。

Michael Rakowitz的“寄生”项目在2005年于当代艺术博物馆展出，其中包含有充气式住宅，这种住宅可以和现有建筑的外部管道相连接，当温暖的空气从建筑通风口排出后通过加热让这些结构膨胀。在纽约、波士顿、剑桥，大约有30多名流浪人员试用了这些充气结构。

“Parasitic” Housing
Many designs for homeless shelters explore the idea of “parasitic” architecture that latches onto existing structures, an attempt to solve the issue of funding.
Michael Rakowitz’s project “paraSITE”, which was exhibited at MoMA in 2005, consists of inflatable homeless shelters that could be attached to an existing building’s exterior vents. The warm air that would exit the vents of the building would then heat up and inflate the parasitic structure. These inflatable shelters were constructed and given to over 30 homeless people in New York, Boston and Cambridge.


Homes for the Homeless project. Image Courtesy of James Furzer

建筑师还通过许多概念性项目对这个问题进行了研究，例如Spatial事务所的建筑师James Furzer则构思了名为“流浪之家”的项目。在这个项目中，建筑师运用了一系列舱体，这些舱体可以相互搭接形成一个小型社区，亦或是和现有公共建筑相结合，舱体材料的价格也非常低廉，同时也与需要搭接的公共建筑相呼应。另外，Furzer当前仍然在思考该项目的施工和分配的可行性。

The idea has also been explored in many conceptual projects, such as “Homes for the Homeless” by James Furzer of Spatial Design Architects. The project is a series of pods that can be attached to ideally government-owned sites or connected to form a community of structures. Built from affordable materials, the exterior material can also match that of its host building. Furzer is currently developing the design with a private investor to explore the feasibility of the project’s construction and distribution.


Mural artwork by Viktor Miller-Gausa. Image Courtesy of Framlab

无独有偶，纽约的Framlab在今年也推出了类似的方案。在这个方案中，建筑师利用了纽约现有建筑的空闲墙体来拼接3D打印而成的六边形模块，其形态参考了当地的历史背景和城市的单身住宅，因为这些空间在20世纪中期较为常见。

New York based Framlab presented a similar scheme just this year. The scheme, which seeks to utilize the unused space found on blank sidewalls of buildings in New York City, would make use of a proprietary 3D printed hexagonal module. It also draws on local history, referencing the city's single occupancy housing that was common in the mid 20th century.


Stephane Malka's A-KAMP47. Image Courtesy of Lauren Garbit, via Metropolis Magazine

法国建筑师Stephane Malka 也在项目中运用了“寄生”住宅的概念，他甚至在建筑及其屋顶之间设置了经济适用房。其项目A-KAMP47在马赛某工厂的侧墙上放置有一系列的印花帐篷，这看上去像是在对政府某些虚假承诺的批判，并以此来表达流浪人员的抗议。

The idea of “parasitic” housing has also been used heavily in French architect Stephane Malka’s work, filling in the gap between buildings and above rooftops with affordable housing. His project A-KAMP47 constructed a series of camouflage-print tents on the side of a factory wall in Marseille. It acts a critique to the state’s false promises for universal housing, the camouflage print representing society’s desire to hide the homeless from view.


Tower Hill bench, London. Image Courtesy of James Furzer

敌意建筑

然而在许多城市，解决此类问题的方案却是建造“敌意建筑”，比如在公园的长凳中央放置自动喷水系统或者其他支撑物，从而阻止流浪人员在此驻留，另外还有通过一些更为激进的措施，将流浪人员赶出建筑或者大桥下方，这样的措施只是通过一种类似掩耳盗铃的方法，并不能取得长期的效果。

此类问题在美国，就如同一张单程汽车票，英国的《卫报》也对此进行了深入报道，在过去的6年时间里，大约有21400名流浪人员被迫去往农村，同时还不得回归城市。虽然，还是有许多人从“流浪人员安置”项目中获益，但是仍然有许多人面临着此类问题，因为他们没有工作机会，同时也没有相应的服务设施。


长期解决方案

以下是针对流浪人员的长期解决策略。

Hostile Architecture
A temporary “solution” used by many cities is the construction of hostile architecture, such as sprinklers or supports in the middle of park benches to deter the homeless.  More aggressive examples include anti-homeless spikes outside buildings and under bridges, an attempt to push the problem out of view and out of mind. There is little research to suggest that this is a succesful long-term approach.

A similar, but non-architectural response to the issue of homelessness are one-way bus tickets, used by many US cities. The Guardian covered it in-depth here, finding that 21,400 homeless people were bussed to rural areas in the last 6 years with an agreement to not return. Although some benefited from these “homeless relocation” programs, many were simply faced with the same problems in a different location, with fewer job opportunities and support services.

Proposals for Long-Term Solutions
These proposals explore more long-term solutions to create permanent residences for the homeless.


Quixote Village. Image © Leah Nash for BuzzFeed

迷你住宅

也许迷你住宅能够解决部分流浪问题。许多慈善机构近期也正在开发此类项目，例如澳大利亚迷你住宅基金会正在开发的项目中，就包含有4至6座迷你住宅，同时还结合有一些公共空间，其中设置有便捷和服务设施。

另一个有趣的现象便是迷你住宅村落的形成。在俄勒冈州波特兰郊区，有一个名为“尊严村”的迷你住宅村落，与其他项目不同的是，“尊严村”由村民们自发管理与形成。在政府和社区的支持下，这座小村庄从一个棚户区发展成为设施齐全的迷你住宅小村落。“尊严村”的成功在于整个体系，因为居民会感受到来自邻里之间的相互支持。

居民们可以自行建造自己的迷你住宅，这意味着流浪人士也可以这么做，从而形成人人都有经济适用房的局面。

Tiny Houses
The recent interest in tiny houses offers a possible solution to homelessness. Many charities are developing solutions involving tiny houses, with the Tiny Homes Foundation in Australia developing a pilot program of 4-6 tiny homes with a common space offering amenities and welfare services.
Another interesting phenomenon is the existence of tiny home villages. The outskirts of Portland, Oregon hold a tiny house village called Dignity Village. Unlike other homeless programs, Dignity Village formed organically and is governed and run by its residents. City and community support in the 2000s allowed Dignity Village to evolve from a tent community to a heated tiny home village with facilities. The key aspect that ensures the success of communities such as Dignity Village is the creation of a framework in which the residents feel like they have support and a relationship with their neighbours.
Tiny houses allow the resident to construct the house themselves, meaning that it can also act as a preventative solution to homelessness, creating the possibly of affordable housing that people can build themselves.


22 Social Dwellings in Chipiona / Gabriel Verd Arquitectos . Image © Jesús Granada

社会住房

社会住房的发展是解决流浪问题的关键。芬兰自从2010年以来，流浪人数的比例下降了35%，而欧洲等其他发达国家的比例则在不断上升，那么其数量下降则是因为第一住房项目政策的实施，在该项目中，发展永久性住房成为了首要目标，然后再解决家庭破碎或物质崩溃所导致的房屋缺乏的问题。在芬兰，所有的紧急救助小屋都改造为了永久性居住场所，而当地政府也计划为流浪人员建造6000座全新的住宅单元。相比短期解决策略，这种长期方案更具有成本效益。

虽然社会住房必不可少，但是同时也要注意此类住房的质量。与其他社会住房发展措施相比，芬兰的第一住房项目政策能够成功的一大因素也许在于，该项目不仅仅只是建造住宅，而是还结合了多种多样的相应附属设施，同时地方政府为此投入足够的资金，而居民们也能获得相应的经济和咨询支持。

Social Housing
The funding and development of more social housing is crucial in ameliorating the issue of homelessness. In Finland, rates of homelessness have gone down by 35% since 2010, while rates have steadily risen in the rest of Europe and the developed world. This decline is a result of the Housing First scheme, which works by the philosophy that a permanent home is the first step, before subsequently tackling issues of family breakdown or substance abuse that led to the loss of housing. All the emergency shelters of Finland were transformed into permanent accommodation, and with the building of more housing blocks, the scheme created 6000 new housing units for the homeless. This proved to be much more cost-effective in the long-term compared to short-term solutions.
Although more social housing is essential, the development of good social housing is also necessary. A possible reason why Housing First has worked so well compared to other social housing developments is that it is not relying simply on building more houses but also ensuring that they are attached to various support services. Local government support is crucial in its funding and its residents can receive relevant financial and housing advice.


Crest Housing / Michael Maltzan. Image © Iwan Baan

洛杉矶建筑师Michael Maltzan和Skid Row房屋信托中心的合作证明了解决流浪人员的可能性。近期的Crest Housing项目令人赞叹，这不仅为流浪人士提供了住房，同时还为社区带来充足的公共空间。

如果要分析社会租房项目的成功与失败的因素，那么很明显的是，首先要有合理的设计，另外还可以和政府或慈善机构进行合作，从而创造面向社会开放的经济适用房。

Indeed, the recent collaboration between Los Angeles architect Michael Maltzan the Skid Row Housing Trust hints towards what is possible. The recently completed Crest Housing is a stunning project that provides not just living units for homeless veterans but also ample space for social and community programs.
If we analyse the differences between successful social housing and the projects that fail, it becomes clear that although good design is crucial—the elimination of stigmatised, monotonous towers of beige—what is possibly more important is a collaboration with governments and charities to create housing that is socially supported and community-oriented.  


© Flickr user Garry Knight licensed under CC BY 2.0


Villa Verde Husing / ELEMENTAL. Image© Cristobal Palma


Quinta Monroy Housing / ELEMENTAL