“Atelier Stad Breda”, 2015
6 Steps for Designing Healthy Cities
由专筑网李韧，王雪纯编译
根据估算，世界的三分之二能源都消耗于城市之中，而全球二氧化碳排放量的70%也来源于城市，这是因为大部分人口都在逐步向城市转移，造成了这些数字的增长。为了探索健康城市的生态化需求，荷兰设计与研究事务所FABRICations对此进行了研究，例如荷兰城市是否能够通过全新设计方式来减少碳排放量。
为了减少城市对于地球的影响，FABRICations工作室的研究表明，可以重新思考城市体系，思考城市的本质。他们提出了“城市新陈代谢”的理念，这个理念将城市看做是各项基础设施叠加起来的分层体系，这个体系依赖于循环过程，在这个过程中，各个产品都会成为不同系统的资源。
那么，该工作室也面向健康城市的未来发展构思了6个步骤，主要应用不同的设计研究项目与合作方式。其中有热能的再利用，也有海绵城市的发展，这些步骤会通过城市化与城市的公共循环系统结合在一起。
By some estimates, cities consume over two-thirds of the world’s energy, and account for more than 70% of global CO2 emissions: a figure sure to increase as the global migration from rural to urban areas continues. In the pursuit of exploring new models for how healthy cities could more effectively sustain these demands, Dutch design and research studio FABRICations has investigated how cities of the Netherlands can reduce carbon emissions through new design-led approaches.
To reduce the impact of our cities on the planet, FABRICations advocate for a rethink of urban systems, and a core examination of what a city is. Their “Urban Metabolism” ethos envisions cities as a layered system of overlapping infrastructures, relying on circular processes where the residual products of one system become a resource for a different system.
As a result, the firm has developed a six-strategy approach to the future of healthy cities, manifested through various design research projects and collaborations. From the reuse of residual heat and energy to transforming cities into modern sponges, the strategies are united in a common cause of promoting circularity through urbanism.
1、利用热能、再利用各项能源、减少消耗，同时激活公共空间，促进可持续的发展
“Regional Spatial Agenda – Brabant”, 2015.
Regional Spatial Agenda – Brabant” , 2015
来自FABRICations工作室的描述：这一策略应用在诸如“鹿特丹新陈代谢”、“布拉班特区域空间研究”等项目之中。在“鹿特丹新陈代谢”项目中，建筑师回收城市工业地区的剩余热量，并将其利用于家庭、办公大楼、温室、公共空间之中。在“布拉班特区域空间研究”项目中，城市剩余热量在满足当地需求之后，应用于冬季无冰道路的热循环之中，让热量的使用更加全面与充分。
1. Use residual heat, reuse and cascade energy and reduce consumption, and by doing so, activate public space and facilitate sustainable mobility.
FABRICations: "This strategy was tested in projects like the “Metabolism of Rotterdam” and the “Regional Spatial Agenda for Brabant”. In the former, the enormous amount of residual heat of the industrial area of the city was captured to acclimatize households, office buildings, greenhouses and ultimately public space. In the latter project, residual heat leaving the city after meeting local demand was used to heat cycling paths for ice-free roads in winter, ultimately ensuring that all leftover temperature would be used."
The “Urban Metabolism of Rotterdam”
The “ Urban Metabolism of Rotterdam” 2014
“Urban Metabolism of Rotterdam”, 2015
2、海绵城市的衍变，在非高峰时段构成具有附加功能的雨水储存空间
“Ningo-PramPram Urban Expansion”, 2016
来自FABRICations工作室的描述：在“Ningo-Prampram”城市扩建项目中，建筑师导入了洪水景观，这项景观充分利用了城市地区的过剩水流。这种“绿色手指”策略打破了城市网格，建筑师根据景观地形而进行设计，构成了有利于食品生产、娱乐、生物多样性的多功能空间。
2. Transform modern cities into sponges, generating flexible stormwater storage spaces with additional functions in off-peak time
FABRICations: "In the “Ningo-Prampram urban expansion for 1.8 million inhabitants,” a flooding landscape was introduced to capture excessive runoff in urbanized zones. The ‘green fingers’ breaking the urban grid were designed according to the landscape topography, to become a versatile space for food production, recreation, and biodiversity."
“Ningo-PramPram Urban Expansion”
“Ningo-PramPram Urban Expansion”
3、收集与处理有机肥料，应用于城市农田，生产可持续能源
The “Urban Metabolism of Rotterdam”
来自FABRICations工作室的描述：“鹿特丹新陈代谢”项目从不用的角度解决了有机废物的再利用问题，并且系统化地保留了水中的营养物质和可利用资源。通常来说，有价值的物质会在农业过程中被水流带走，但是它们仍然可以在农业与能源生产基础设施等方面加以利用。研究者认为，家庭中所产生的废物可以通过蛋白质生产和生物能源系统而最大化地保留价值。
3. Collect and process organic waste to fertilize urban farms and produce sustainable energy
FABRICations: "The “Metabolism of Rotterdam” addressed the reuse of organic waste from multiple angles. Amongst others, a system to capture the nutrients and phosphates in water streams was proposed. Normally valuable substances are washed off by agricultural processes and flow into the river, whereas alternatively they could be reused in aquaculture and energy production infrastructure. It was also theorized that a waste sorting system in households could assist in capturing maximum value out waste through protein production and biomass energy systems."
The “Urban Metabolism of Rotterdam”
The “Urban Metabolism of Rotterdam”
The “Urban Metabolism of Rotterdam”
4、建立建筑废物再利用体系，减少拆除、施工垃圾，也减少新建筑的建造，从而保留文化遗产，构件可持续社区
The “Bajes Kwartier”, rendered view of two preserved buildings: the Green Tower and the CODE design museum. Image by Robota.
来自FABRICations工作室的描述：“BajesKwartier”项目曾经是个监狱综合体，现在被改造为“可持续居住社区”，在这个项目中，95%的原场地施工材料得以重新利用，这大大减少了新建筑施工中的二氧化碳排放量。4座现有建筑得以保护和改造，构成了具有公众吸引力的标志性元素。
4. Establish practices for construction-waste reuse, reducing demolition, construction material logistics and new construction in a way that heritage is retained and inclusive and sustainable communities are created
FABRICations: "In the design of “BajesKwartier”, a former prison complex that will be transformed into the ‘sustainable residential neighborhood of the future’, CO2 emissions for new construction were drastically reduced by processing and reusing 95% of construction material on site. Four of the existing buildings will be preserved and transformed to become iconic elements and public attractors."
The “Bajes Kwartier”, aerial view of the masterplan. Image by Robota
The “Bajes Kwartier”, 2017, developed for AM developers in collaboration with OMA and Lola
5、利用城市边角空间，将生态与城市环境相结合，增加与自然的接触，鼓励健康的生活方式
The “Ecological Energy network”, 2014, developed in collaboration with Lola, Studio 1:1
来自FABRICations工作室的描述：“生态能源网格”中所应用的策略是将电线附近的区域改造为荷兰大型生态走廊。这些区域的发展常常受到限制，因此成为城市的边角空间，如果能够将其改造为绿色走廊，那么对于城市与社区的发展都有巨大的价值。
5. Take advantage of neglected urban pockets to bring ecology into the urban environment, thereby encouraging healthy lifestyles through direct contact with nature
FABRICations: "Such an approach has been proposed in the “Ecological Energy Network”, a strategic design to transform areas in the proximity of power lines into the largest biodiversity corridor of the Netherlands. These areas are normally subject to development restrictions, and they often end up being neglected, especially in urban areas. If transformed into green corridors, they would provide additional value for urban environment and communities."
The “Ecological Energy network”
6、通过可再生能源构建城市基础设施，并且优先考虑可持续发展的电力机动车
“The Highway x The City”
“The Highway x The City”, 2016
来自FABRICations工作室的描述：这类似于上文提到的大部分问题，这个项目也是从空间设计角度来入手。在“高速公路x城市”的研究之中，阿姆斯特丹的主要车行通道被改造为城市大道，其中新增了步行道、非机动车道、电力汽车充电站，以及地下轨道交通。
6. Prioritize access to sustainable mobility and electric vehicles by building dedicated infrastructure in combination with renewable energy provision
FABRICations: "Similarly to most of the issues mentioned, this one can be approached from a spatial design point of view as much as from a strategic location process. In the study “Highway x City”, major mobility lanes in Amsterdam were transformed into urban boulevards, with enhanced access for pedestrians and bicycles, charging stations for electric vehicles and underground traffic routes.
“Izmir Cycling Scan” 2018, developed in collaboration with WRI Turkey
而在“Izmir Cycling Scan”项目中，城市中的休闲与文化空间的服务半径约为2.5公里，并以此来确定了骑行路线的最佳定位，满足以休闲为导向的骑行需求。
In the “Izmir Cycling Scan”, leisure and cultural locations in the city were mapped with a 2.5 km proximity radius to identify the best locations for a cycling route that could support leisure-oriented mobility and logistics."
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