“堤之岛”规划——回首历史，展望未来
Felixx presents Isle of Dikes – a historic landscape of the future

由专筑网王雪纯，小R编译

在Dordrecht岛上，曾被废弃的旧堤坝正在演变成适应气候的新环境。 Felixx Landscape Architects＆Planners事务所公布了其创造未来历史景观的方案。这个项目属于荷兰国家文化遗产服务和创意产业基金组织对于“极端气候城市规划”应对倡议的一部分，致力于开发示范项目，展示符合现有文化遗产结构的应对极端气候的整体规划。 Felixx与IHE Delft水教育研究所联手为Dordrecht岛设计了这份规划方案。

In the Island of Dordrecht, the old network of disused dikes is turned into a new climate adaptive living environment. Felixx Landscape Architects & Planners has unveiled plans to create a historic landscape of the future. Felixx’ vision is part of the ‘Urban Planning for Extremes’ initiative, organised by the Dutch National Service for Cultural Heritage and the Creative Industries Fund. The initiative aims to develop exemplary projects, showcasing an integral approach to the changing climate challenges in relation to existing cultural heritage structures. Felixx composed a team with IHE Delft Institute for Water Education and the municipality of Dordrecht.


文化历史——堤之岛／Cultural History – Isles of the Dikes


水系规划图-堤之岛／Water Management Map – Isles of the Dikes – Credit: Felixx

文化历史和气候适应

气候变化正在改变人们的环境。在重新规划土地以应对未来风险的同时，除了保证公共安全，保证令人宜居的建筑环境也至关重要。
要实现这一目标的关键是将文化历史价值与新的空间结构相结合。岛上居民非常珍视现有的居住环境和景观。保留部分原场地、与新元素相结合的设计方法使未来景观的转型变得更加容易。方案保留了原场地的舒适性，增加并整合了应对风险的防护措施。这些措施会渐渐促进未来景观的发展。

Cultural history and climate adaptation
Climate change is transforming our environment. While reengineering land to prepare for future risks, it is crucial to keep building environments in which people feel comfortable besides being protected and safe.
To achieve this, integrating cultural-historical values with new spatial structures is key. Existing environments are familiar and landscapes have a certain value for their users. Carefully organizing a transformation that combines these existing values with new elements, makes the step towards the landscape of the future a lot easier to take. The existing comfort is retained, protection against new risks is added and integrated. This increases support at the start and speeds up the transition that follows.


堤-堤之岛／Dike – Isles of the Dikes – Credit: Felixx

堤

荷兰的国土规划注重功能分区，同时为不同景观赋予特征。而“堤”可能是其文化中最神秘和最引人注目的元素。它们是被排水或开垦的地区周围的边界，可以用来种植、开垦或建房。 这个多样化且规模相对较小的土方工程网络不断发展，渐渐成为了城市化进程中的特殊形象。在近现代历史中，泄洪的大水坝逐渐代替了小堤防，所以在很大程度上，这些提、圩已经成为纯粹的美学元素，并且随着城市化进程渐渐消失。荷兰有可能失去其最有特点的景观元素。 人们能重新挽救这些历史的见证吗？Felixx事务所发现了旧堤坝的潜力，并将其作为气候适应性景观的现代框架。

Dikes
The Dutch country is organised by functional structures that simultaneously give a specific character to each landscape. Dikes are probably the most mythical and striking element of this culture. They were the borders around areas that were drained or reclaimed and were often planted, cultivated or built. A diverse and relatively small-scale network of earthworks grew, providing identity to urbanized and rural areas. During recent history, new big flood defenses have gradually taken over the role of the small dikes. To a large extent, they have become sheer aesthetic elements, and often disappear when urban and rural areas are transformed. The Dutch landscape risks to lose one of its strongest identity carriers. Can we reactivate these heroic structures and preserve their existence? Felixx explored the potential of the old dikes, as a contemporary framework for a climate adaptive landscape.


绿地规划-堤之岛／Green Strategy – Isles of the Dikes – Credit: Felixx


能量规划-堤之岛／Energy Strategy – Isles of the Dikes – Credit: Felixx


交通规划-堤之岛／Traffic Strategy – Ises of the Dikes – Credit: Felixx


水系规划-堤之岛／Water Strategy – Isles of the Dikes – Credit: Felixx

Dordrecht

Dordrecht是荷兰最古老的城市。Dordrecht岛位于多条河流融合的地区，周围环绕着密集的堤坝网络。但这里的许多小型内堤如今都失去了功能，毕竟大规模的防水大坝已经存在。

设计师研究了堤防结构并对其历史发展和现代功能进行了评估。如果要将Dordrecht岛转变为气候适应性城镇，需要通过4个主题来进行探索，即水系、绿地、分区流线，以及基础设施。对于每个主题，设计师都会根据堤坝的历史布局来进行预测。设计师绘制了3种Dordrecht岛的预想图。在每个模型中都将堤防作为转型的支柱，完整地表达了所有主题。

Dordrecht
Dordrecht is the oldest city in the Netherlands. Located in a wetland area, where several rivers merge, the Island of Dordrecht is surrounded and veined with a dense network of dikes. As in many other places, a lot of the small inner dikes lost their function because the outer dikes scaled up.
Felixx researched the dike structures and assessed their historical development and current functionality. The transformation of Dordrecht into a climate adaptive town is explored through 4 themes with their individual agendas: water, green, program, and infrastructure. For each theme, the agendas are projected on the historical layout of the dikes. This results in 3 potential models for a climate adaptive Dordrecht. In each model, all agendas are realised, taking the dikes as a backbone for transformation.


‘Biesbosch’国家公园-堤之岛／National Park ‘Biesbosch’ – Isles of the Dikes – Credit: Plomp


‘Biesbosch’国家公园-堤之岛／National Park ‘Biesbosch’ – Isles of the Dikes – Credit: Felixx


‘Biesbosch’国家公园-堤之岛／National Park ‘Biesbosch’ – Isles of the Dikes – Credit: Felixx

模型1：国家公园“Biesbosch”

Biesbosch是重要的自然保护区，毗邻Dordrecht岛。

将堤防转型为生态走廊，将Dordrecht岛融合在Biesbosch国家公园内，将自然领域扩展到岛上的农村和城市地区，为居住区和公共设施区提供空间。沿着堤坝的动态水系统，改善其水质，提供多样化的群落生境。生态区为行人、自行车和船只提供交通路线，并将市中心与公园连接起来。

Model 1: National Park ‘Biesbosch’
The Biesbosch is an important nature reserve, adjacent to Dordrecht.
Turning the dikes into ecological corridors integrates the Island of Dordrecht in the Biesbosch National Park. Natural realms are extended into the rural and urban areas of the island, providing space for new extensive housing and recreational functions. A dynamic water system along the dikes improves the water quality and generates a diverse set of biotopes. The ecozones integrate traffic routes for pedestrians, bikes, and boats and connect the city center to the heart of the Biesbosch.


‘Randstad’大都会网络-堤之岛／Metropolitan Network ‘Randstad’ – Isles of the Dikes – Credit: Plomp


‘Randstad’大都会网络-堤之岛／Metropolitan Network ‘Randstad’ – Isles of the Dikes – Credit: Felixx


‘Randstad’大都会网络-堤之岛／Metropolitan Network ‘Randstad’ – Isles of the Dikes – Credit: Felixx

模型2： Randstad大都会网络

Randstad是大都市区，横跨阿姆斯特丹、鹿特丹、海牙和乌得勒支，连接着各种各样的中型城镇网络，让堤防构成一个线性的大都市公园，可以加强Dordrecht岛作为该网络中最南部的城市所能发挥的作用。堤防周围的区域经过规划，能具有新的娱乐和居住功能。岛屿外缘会渐渐出现卫星城市，成为Biesbosch公园的边界。堤防设计为公共空间，并设有道路，将Dordrecht岛和Randstad的其他区域连接起来。

Model 2: Metropolitan Network ‘Randstad’
The Randstad is a metropolitan area, spanned between Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, and Utrecht, connecting a varied network of mid-sized towns. Turning the dikes into a linear metropolitan park could strengthen Dordrecht as the most southern city within this network. Areas around the dikes are densified and programmed with new recreational and residential functions. New satellite towns arise on the outer edge of the island, as fortresses marking the border with the Biesbosch. The dikes are designed as public spaces and loaded with routes, linking the new enclaves to the center of Dordrecht and the rest of the Randstad.


自给自足的Dordrecht岛-堤之岛／Self-Sufficient Island ‘Dordrecht’ – Isles of the Dikes – Credit: Plomp


自给自足的Dordrecht岛-堤之岛／Self-Sufficient Island ‘Dordrecht’ – Isles of the Dikes – Credit: Felixx


自给自足的Dordrecht岛-堤之岛／Self-Sufficient Island ‘Dordrecht’ – Isles of the Dikes – Credit: Felixx

模型3：自给自足的Dordrecht岛

Dordrecht岛周围环绕着河流。将堤防作为多样化的生产场地，使Dordrecht岛能成为自给自足的社区。小堤坝可以用作粮食产地，为生产和再利用雨水提供了空间，并促进了能源的生成、储存和共享。减少汽车基础设施，让交通节奏慢下来。通过重复使用材料、商品来实现循环生活方式，鼓励居民之间的联系。堤防在这里成为重要的社会基础设施，为农业提供空间，并建造新的服务设施，如学校、养老院和医院。

景观设计&规划-Felixx事务所

Model 3: Self-Sufficient Island ‘Dordrecht’
The Island of Dordrecht is surrounded by rivers. Transforming the dikes into diverse production grounds makes them the backbone of Dordrecht as a self-sufficient community. They integrate food production, offer space to harvest and reuse rainwater, and stimulate the generation, storage, and sharing of energy. Car infrastructure is reduced, and slow traffic connections are reinforced. To realize a circular way of living by reusing materials and commodities, the contact between residents is encouraged. The dikes become important social infrastructures by offering space for urban farming and realizing new services and facilities along with them, such as schools, elderly homes, and hospitals.

Landscape Architect & Planners – Felixx