2030年建筑师向碳中和建筑看齐的7大策略
7 Ways Architects Can Work Toward Carbon Neutral Buildings by 2030
由专筑网缕夕，杨帆编译
这篇文章最初发表在Autodesk的 Redshift出版刊上，题为“ 迎接2030年建筑机遇与挑战的7条战略性决策。”
随着全球气候变化的影响不断升级，不少建筑公司寻求解决问题的方法，签署2030挑战机遇和美国建筑师协会的 “AIA 2030承诺” 支持计划的公司越来越多，这为2030年减少对化石燃料的依赖，并使所有建筑物，开发和主要装修行动实现碳中和碳提供了良好的框架。
2030年的挑战机遇已被80%的美国前10大以及65％的前20的建筑工程和规划公司认可，包括许多州和地方政府机构也已付诸行动。其中有Eskew + Dumez + Ripple （EDR）；一家总部位于新奥尔良的建筑和规划公司；HOK全球设计、建筑、工程和规划公司；还有CTA建筑事务所，一家综合设计、工程和建筑的公司，在美国和加拿大西部设有办事处。在这里，来自EDR，HOK和CTA的五位专业人士分享了他们为实现2030年目标而采取的七项关键策略，为地球的可持续发展尽一份力。
This article was originally published on Autodesk's Redshift publication as "7 Tactics for Meeting the Architecture 2030 Challenge and Beyond."
As the impacts of global climate change escalate, forward-thinking architecture firms have committed to being part of the solution. Increasingly, these firms are signing on to the 2030 Challenge and American Institute of Architects’ supporting initiative, AIA 2030 Commitment, which provide a framework to reduce fossil-fuel dependence and make all buildings, developments, and major renovations carbon neutral by 2030.
The 2030 Challenge has been adopted by 80 percent of the top 10 and 65 percent of the top 20 architecture, engineering, and planning firms in the United States, as well as many state and local government agencies. Among these are Eskew+Dumez+Ripple (EDR), a New Orleans–based architecture and planning firm; HOK, a global design, architecture, engineering, and planning firm; and CTA Architects Engineers, an integrated design, engineering, and architecture firm with offices throughout the Western United States and Canada. Here, five professionals from EDR, HOK, and CTA share seven key tactics they’ve employed to move toward the 2030 target—and a sustainable future for the planet.
Image Courtesy of EDR
1.创新投资组合
这三家建筑公司都强调了在整个项目组合中提高能源效率的重要性。这种做法为实现2030年挑战所做的一切努力付出了代价。
EDR的建筑师Jacob Dunn表示：“我们不想仅仅瞄准具有可持续发展目标的项目。我们真的对在整个项目分配中提高难度感兴趣。”
1. Innovate Across the Portfolio
All three architecture firms stress the importance of raising the bar for energy efficiency across a company’s entire portfolio of projects. That approach underpins every effort they make toward achieving the 2030 Challenge.
“We don’t want to just target the projects that have high sustainability goals,” says Jacob Dunn, an architect at EDR. “We are really interested in raising the entire bar for the middle of the distribution of projects.”
Image © Tim Hursley / EDR
2.提早设定能源使用目标
HOK可持续设计总监Anica Landreneau说：“我们在营销阶段谈论2030的承诺，并在概念设计中制定目标和基准。”
CTA可持续发展总监Ashleigh Powell补充说，在项目开始时建立能源使用强度（EUI）目标，为设计人员创造不同的思维方式，为最后的成功奠定基础。
而Landreneau的团队从客户得知，“我们发现，当客户是讨论的一部分时，每个人都朝着这个目标努力，”她说。“人们忘记这不是强制性的或有合同义务的。他们只是为之努力。”
2. Set Energy-Use Targets Early
“We talk about the 2030 Commitment during the marketing phase and set targets and benchmarks during conceptual design,” says Anica Landreneau, director of sustainable design with HOK.
Ashleigh Powell, a sustainability director at CTA, adds that establishing Energy Use Intensity (EUI) targets at the beginning of a project creates a different way of thinking for designers and sets them up for success.
And Landreneau’s team gets buy-in from clients. “We find that when the client is part of that discussion, everyone works toward that target,” she says. “People forget that it wasn’t mandatory or contractually obligated. They just keep working toward it.”
Image Courtesy of EDR
3.模型早期建设
据CTA的BPA专家Richard Dykstra介绍，建模可以帮助内部团队更好地沟通。他说：“我们早期就开始了所有团队——建筑，工程，建筑和业主之间的沟通，来确定项目建设的目标。” “然后，我们玩不同的模型来弄清楚对这个目标有什么影响。我们使用它来进行早期的设计。大家定期会聚在一起运行模拟和建筑设计。”
早期建模（建筑项目的初始支出总额）也可以带来经济效益。“如果您没有及早启用该模式，您将失去寻求权衡的机会，您可以通过一流的高性能设计来实现首选成本，甚至可以节省成本。”
3. Model Early and Often
According to Richard Dykstra, a BPA specialist at CTA, modeling can help internal teams communicate better. “We start early on with all the teams—architecture, engineering, construction, and the owners—to figure out what the goal is,” he says. “Then we play around with different models to figure out what has an impact on that goal and what doesn’t. We use that to inform the design early on. Then we bring everyone together regularly, running simulations and architectural design side by side.”
There can also be financial benefits to early modeling for first cost (the sum of initial expenditures on a building project). “If you don’t do the model early enough, you lose the opportunity to find trade-offs where you can come in with a high-performance design that is first-cost neutral or even [yields] first-cost savings,” Landreneau says.
Image Courtesy of Dekker/Perich/Sabatini
4.平衡运营成本的首要成本
但是，企业如何应对那些对可持续发展不感兴趣的客户呢？
首先简单的解决之道是CTA使用的一种策略，运用早期建模，可以帮助您找到第一个节省成本的地方。“我们正在开展一个对节能不感兴趣的小学校设计，”Dykstra说。“他们只是想要一个有基本功能的学校。我们正在竭尽全力为他们做出负责任的选择，但是由于预算较低，我们显然不会获得超高性能的建筑。我们尽可能地为他们修复一些危险之处，并建立一个功能性强大的建筑。”
总有一些权衡，其中一些可以从长远来看得到回报。“另一个主要挑战是沟通成本效益之间的关系，”邓恩说。“查看生命周期并进行成本分析，并能够传达每个决策不同类型的运营能源和设计影响的所有差异，以及如何影响权衡的底线。”
4. Balance First Cost Against Operational Cost
But how do firms approach clients who aren’t interested in sustainability?
Going after the easy fixes first is one tactic CTA uses, and along with early modeling, it can help find first-cost savings in unexpected places. “We’re working on a small school that is not interested in energy conservation,” Dykstra says. “They just want a school that works. We’re doing everything we can to make responsible choices for them, but with a lower budget, we’re obviously not going to get a super-high-performance building. We do what we can to fix some of the low-hanging fruit for them and make a highly functional, high-performing building.”
There are always trade-offs, and some of them can pay off in the long run. “Another main challenge is communicating cost-benefit relationships,” Dunn says. “Looking at lifecycle cost analysis and being able to communicate all the differences in the different types of operational energies and design impacts of each decision, and how that affects the bottom line down the road.”
Image Courtesy of Dekker/Perich/Sabatini
5.使能量建模和可视化
CTA工程师Tim Johnson解释了如何使视觉模型有助于让建筑师和其他利益相关者参与到这一过程中。他说：“过去，所有的能源工作仅限于机械工程师，因为这是能源模型的关键点。” “重要的是让这个过程更易于每个人进行分析，而不会影响创造力。”
所有这三家公司都认为这种做法对他们的成功至关重要。“你真的要让你的合作伙伴参与到对客户的宣传中来，我坚信建筑师应该运行性能模拟，以便他们能够做到这一点。”
5. Make Energy Modeling Accessible and Visual
Tim Johnson, an engineer with CTA, explains how making the models visual helps to engage architects and other stakeholders in the process. “In the past, all the energy work was limited to mechanical engineers, because that’s where the turnkey parts of the energy models usually are,” he says.“It’s important to make this process more accessible to everybody to do the analysis, without hindering creativity.”
All three firms cited this approach as critical to their success. “You’ve really got to have your firm partners involved in terms of advocating to clients,” Dunn says. “It’s my firm belief that architects should be running performance simulations so they can do this.”
Image Courtesy of Dekker/Perich/Sabatini
此外，EDR每周与项目经理和其他利益相关者举行会议，并对员工进行运行模拟和计算，从而使可持续发展规划已成为组织各个层面的一部分。
“这不仅仅是建立目标的问题，”鲍威尔补充说。“也让这些信息意味着设计师本身的意图。”
Additionally, EDR has weekly meetings with project managers and other stakeholders and trains the staff in running simulations and calculations so that the sustainability planning has become a part of every level of the organization.
“It’s not just a matter of establishing targets,” Powell adds. “But getting that information to mean something to the designers themselves.”
Image © Alan Karchmer / HOK
6.将环境绩效纳入设计过程
“当您开始模拟时，建立正确的工具至关重要——在这种条件下，建筑师很容易学习模拟分析，”Dunn说。
其一个工具是Autodesk的 Insight，它直接集成到 Revit 和 FormIt中，允许结构师在几分之一的时间内运行多个能量建模场景。“这些工具在几年前还不可用，但是随着开发研究，将它们融入设计中已经可以实现。”
约翰逊补充说：“Insight将任何人都纳入能源建模世界，而无需了解复杂的HVAC系统。” “在Insight中，我们可以一次运行100次模拟，并查看阈值位置，进行更改是不会有成本效益变化的。”
6. Integrate Environmental Performance Into the Design Process
“When you start simulating, it’s critical to have the right tools—that way, it’s easy for architects to learn simulation analysis,” Dunn says.
One such tool is Autodesk’s Insight, which is integrated directly into Revit and FormIt and allows architects to run multiple energy-modeling scenarios in a fraction of the time it used to take. “These tools weren’t available even a few years ago, but so much development happened that incorporating them into design is now within reach,” Dunn says.
“Insight lets just about anybody into the energy-modeling world without having to know complex HVAC systems,” Johnson adds. “In Insight, we can run 100 simulations at once and see where the thresholds are and where it is and is not going to be cost-effective to make changes.”
Image Courtesy of HOK (left) & © Alan Karchmer / HOK (right)
7.将可持续发展纳入招聘条件
通过招聘和招聘热衷于可持续发展的人员，公司确保长期实现可持续发展目标的能力。新人才也将思想和创新带入了满足2030挑战的必要条件。
Dunn说：“大学课程和学生们都在关心这些问题，求职的学生人数众多，您必须对您寻求的入职者的类型有意。将您的团队中的某人分配给可持续发展研究和设计计划也是至关重要的，将使其成为组织架构的一部分。”
全球气候变化将成为业界最迫切关注的问题之一。致力于2030年挑战的公司可以通过让更多的设计师在整个设计过程中参与能源讨论，并通过使用这七种策略来显著减少其项目中的碳足迹，从而带动整个行业的发展。
7. Integrate Sustainability Into Hiring Practices
By recruiting and hiring people who are passionate about sustainability, firms secure their ability to reach their sustainability goals over the long term. New talent also brings ideas and innovation to the table essential to meeting the 2030 Challenge.
“There’s a wide spread of university programs and students who care about these issues and others who don’t,” Dunn says. “You have to be intentional about the type of people you seek out.” He adds that it’s also important to assign someone on your team to research and design programs for sustainability so that it becomes a part of the fabric of the organization.
Global climate change is poised to become one of the industry’s most pressing concerns. Firms committed to the 2030 Challenge can lead the way by getting more designers involved in energy discussions throughout the design process and by using these seven tactics to significantly reduce the carbon footprint across their projects.
出处：本文译自www.archdaily.com/，转载请注明出处。
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