面积比例游戏
Floor Area Ratio Game / ON Architecture
由专筑网邢子，李韧编译
在2014年这座房屋的规划设计中，设计团队遇到的最重要的问题是“容积率游戏：限制激发创意”，这也是2016年威尼斯双年展韩国馆的主题。由于这片土地是二级普通住宅区，所以建筑师可以建造一座建筑密度为60％、容积率为2的建筑。也就是说设计一座三层建筑最为经济，其每层面积占用地面积的60%，同时第四层面积占用地面积的20％。然而，用地面积（142平方米）特别狭小，20％的用地面积只有28.4平方米。所以方案的重点在于达到建筑面积的最大利用率，这样才能满足建筑业主需求，并且不会带来其他损失。
The most important issue when planning the design of the house in 2014 was like "FAR Game: Constraints Sparking Creativity" ,which was the theme of the Korean Pavilion in the Venice Biennial, 2016. This land is a class 2 general residential area, so an architect can build a building with a 60% the building to-land ratio and a 200% floor area ratio. It is common to design a three-story building with a 60% building-to-land ratio and to design the fourth floor with a 20% building-to-land-ratio. However, the land area (142m2) was so small that 20% of the area was only 28.4m2. It was important to find alternatives to look for a maximum floor area ratio to meet what the building owner required without any loss.
© Joonhwan Yoon
现场分析
这片土地曾经是蔚山的一个老住宅区，项目地点已经重新开发了一幢新的公寓大楼，这里甚至成为一个商业区，北边是一条20米宽的公路，这样确保公寓大楼北向的光线不受遮挡。在这个环境中，建筑师将建筑的一层设置了较高的层高，使其几乎不受任何高度限制。但同时，容积率几乎为3的建筑建在20米宽的公路前面，这影响了城市街道景观视野。因此，一楼的层高高于其他楼层，其沿街面由玻璃制成，二楼的部分是镂空的，以此创造开放性。室外楼梯由弯曲金属制成，在白天和黑夜展现不同的城市风光。建筑师希望这座小型建筑物能够融入周边的商业建筑，同时改造城市景观。
Site Analysis
The land used to be an old residential area in Ulsan. The target site had been redeveloped with a new apartment complex and became a commercial area because of a new 20m wide road to the north side. Also, it was possible to secure the height by receiving the right of light from the north with the road. This made the first floor higher and allowed the architect to feel free from any height restriction on the building. In the surrounding area, the three-story buildings with the same building-to-land ratio and floor area ratio were built on the front of the 20m wide road. This resulted in the creation of a stuffy urban landscape. Therefore, the front part of the first floor, which was higher than the other floors, was made of glass, and the road side of the second floor was empty to create openness. The outdoor stairs were made of bent punched metal to create an urban scenery of day and night. We hope that this small building will bring a chance to access commercial buildings and cause a life change in the desolate urban landscape.
© Joonhwan Yoon
剖面图/Section
概念
建筑业主想拆除原有房屋，再建造一座能够用于经商商业建筑。而在蔚山的老住宅区，这里的土地资源缺乏，但是建筑业主想在这有限的土地上实现诸多的使用功能。因此，他要求与其他业主一样，建造一座容积率达到极限的建筑。这是一个巨大挑战，业主希望将建筑物改为租赁商铺，这样可以从租金中赚取大量资金。为了解决这个问题，零售店铺被放置在一楼，业主要求的其他活动空间在其余空间垂直建成。该建筑是三层，实际却建为五层。说实话，最难的是劝说业主接受这个特殊的占地面积比例。例如，二楼作为室外空间使用较少的占地面积。如果大楼的功能从办公改为出租，那么业主的租金收入将会下降，但建筑师不希望看到这种情况。而一楼略高，这个优势能够增加租金。此外，由于建筑物的用地面积和建筑面积比例限制，所以建筑设计成五层，并且这五层楼的建筑面积都能够有效利用。此外，二楼和五楼空间的设置更有利于提高租金，因为这些楼层都有视野良好的室外空间。坦白说，二楼是建筑物的黄金位置。
Concept
The building owner wanted to demolish the existing house and build a commercial building so that he could use the building as the headquarters for his business. Among the old residential areas in Ulsan, the land was especially tiny, but the building owner wanted to include many activities in his headquarters. Therefore, he requested that a building be built with a maximum building-to-land ratio and floor area ratio as other owners did. This project was a huge challenge to meet all the requirements the owner asked for including designing a building different from the existing buildings because the owner hoped to make a lot of money from rent if he changed the building into rental property. In order to solve this problem, retail shops for rent were placed on the first floor, and room for other activities that the owner requested were built vertically with the rest of the floor area ratio. The building was supposed to be three-story building with a general floor area ratio, but the building became a five-story building with a new composed floor area ratio. To tell the truth, the hardest part was to persuade the owner about this unique floor area ratio. For example, the second floor remained empty as an outdoor space which used less of the floor area ratio. If the building were changed from a headquarters office to rental property, generally the rental income would decrease. However, we believed that this would not be true for this building. The first floor is slightly higher and this advantage will increase the rent. Also, the building, which was supposed to be a three-story building because of the building?to-land ratio and floor area ratio, is composed of five levels. Therefore, all five levels of the building are more profitable for rent. Also, the second floor and the fifth floor are more beneficial for rent because those floors have outdoor space. Frankly, the second floor was the most popular area when the building was being constructed.
© Joonhwan Yoon
依据
有很多人误解了这个房子在设计阶段所运用的形态学方法， 但是，这种想法是错误的。建筑物在其中的一部分对建筑与用地面积之间的比例进行了重新计算，从而从一楼到五楼更合理的利用了空间，这也是新的设计方案的形成过程。这些杂乱的因素并不是建筑形成的依据，而FAR（容积率）是设计的最主要的因素。 一楼的占地面积比例最大，二层和三层按照建筑物的功能需求来分配面积，保留沿街面的一些前部空间。 二层和三层余下的建筑空间则用于第四和第五层。 建筑使用空间的重新分配勾勒出新的建筑物。
Identity
Most people misunderstand the morphological approach of this house. However, this is wrong. The building-to-land ratio, which buildings usually have in a small area, was restructured and spaces were arranged from the first floor to the fifth floor. This resulted in a new formation of the building. The mass is not an identity, but the program by the FAR (Floor Area Ratio) Game is the identity. There is a maximum floor area ratio for the first floor, and the second and third floors meet the required floor area ratio of the building by keeping some of the front parts empty. The floor area ration, which was obtained on the second and third floor, was used for the fourth and fifth floors. This rearranged floor area ratio created the building.
© Joonhwan Yoon
© Joonhwan Yoon
© Joonhwan Yoon
© Joonhwan Yoon
材料
由于该地区是旧城区，年限较久，所以看起来有些杂乱。 建筑师想建造一个具有大众感的简洁的建筑，他们选择运 用白色的混凝土，足够简洁的同时它也大大降低了建筑的预算。 因此，施工时工人们取下模具后，将混凝土表面磨平，保留白色石粉与含水保水剂，最终呈显出一座白色建筑。 由于建筑物的体量很小，前方的外部楼梯看起来很明显。 这些开放的外部楼梯很大程度在视觉上中断了建筑材料的表现。，因此，楼梯使用了开放且封闭的冲孔金属。 事实上，这种哑光材料强调了垂直感，并具有微妙的太阳反射性能。 所以，业主将楼梯材质改为冲孔金属，并且为了强调垂直度，使栏杆线条沿垂直方向弯曲。
Material
Since the area is older, it looked complex. We wanted to build a clean building which included a sense of mass. We wanted to construct the building with exposed white concrete, but it was a low budget building. For this reason, we removed the mold, ground the surface, mixed white stone powder with watery retaining agent, and built a white colored building. Since the building was small, the exterior stairs looked visually massive in the front. These open exterior stairs visually interrupted the protruding mass design of the building. Therefore, the punched metal, which provided not only openness but also closure, was used. In fact, the material at first was matte chain, which emphasized verticality and had a subtle sense of reflections of the sun. However, the building owner wanted to change the material to punched metal. In order to emphasize the verticality, the lines were bent in a vertical direction.
© Joonhwan Yoon
© Joonhwan Yoon
© Joonhwan Yoon
场地平面图/Site Plan
一二层平面图/1st / 2nd Plan
三四层平面图/3rd / 4th Plan
五层平面图/5th Plan
立面图/Elevation
立面图/Elevation
建筑团队：ON Architecture
地点：韩国，蔚山，南姑
建造时间：2016年
摄影：Joonhwan Yoon
用地面积：142平方米
Architects: ON Architecture
Location: Nam-gu, Ulsan,South Korea
Project Year: 2016
Photographs: Joonhwan Yoon
Site Area: 142m2
出处：本文译自www.archdaily.com/，转载请注明出处。
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