Casa Caldera

由专筑网Brick，韩平编译

场地的故事深深扎根于该地区的历史和文化之中。

该地区的生物多样性是更大的Madrean群岛的一部分，从索诺兰沙漠延伸到奇瓦瓦沙漠。亚利桑那州南部部分地区、新墨西哥南部、远西德克萨斯部分地区和天空岛山脉作为广阔沙漠风光里生命和居民的灯塔。它们是链条中的环节，这个链条连接墨西哥马德雷山脉北端，它们是当地生命故事中必不可少的。项目形式上用作迁移部落、鸟类和食肉动物的庇护所和资源库，帮助它们穿过广阔的空地。

© Cade Hayes

圣拉斐尔山谷的地形和地质形成圣克鲁斯河的源头。它是唯一的向南流到墨西哥、并回头向北流入美国的河流，这条河流对居住了一万年的当地居民来说至关重要。

The San Rafael Valley’s topography and geology forms the headwaters of the Santa Cruz River.  One of the only rivers that runs south into Mexico， and turns back north into the U.S. This river is vital to the story of habitance of this region for 10，000 yrs.

© Cade Hayes

© Cade Hayes

许多人类历史是借助于数百万年前区域性的地质事件。正如我们所知，大型火山活动形成了景观。它留下盆地和山脉地形，还有矿产和资源丰富的土地，土地具有价值，并且对当地存在的文明有益。

Much of the human history lends itself to the geological events of the region millions of years ago.  Large volcanic activity formed the landscape as we know it.  This left behind the basin and range topography， as well as mineral and resource rich land that has been of value and use to the cultures that inhabited the region.

© Cade Hayes

从本地农业文化到游牧狩猎，到征服者和传教士，到拓荒者、矿工、牛、牛仔、移民和毒品贩子，亚利桑那州南部的圣拉斐尔谷有典型的西部景观和民俗。

From native agricultural cultures， to nomadic hunter-gatherers， to conquistadors and missionaries， to pioneers， miners， cattle， and cowboys， to militia， migrants， and narcotraficantes.， the San Rafael Valley in Southern Arizona is the quintessential landscape and folklore of the Wild West.

Site Plan/场地平面图

Casa Caldera房屋正是从这种历史和环境中发展。这个小小庇护所受到气候条件的强烈影响，适应自然、社会、政治和经济环境。每个都有自己的不同加权度。项目位于美国和墨西哥之间的国际边界以北15英里。

It is this history and context that Casa Caldera grows from.   This small shelter is strongly informed by the climatic conditions; adapting to the natural， social， political， and economical environments.  Each to its own weighted and varying degree.   It is located 15 miles north of the international border between U.S. and Mexico.

© Cade Hayes

房屋从地面升起，用火山渣建成简单的矩形。原始材料和火山渣选为主要的建筑材料，并参考山谷的地质形成、场地及其附近土壤和岩石的颜色，和谐地与景观融合。火山渣墙由多孔、重量轻的红色火山岩集料建成，经过混合形成自支撑的半流体，被夯入模板，这类似夯土。

The house rises from the ground in a simple rectangular form made of Scoria. The material， Scoria， selected as the main building material in reference the Valleys Geologic formation and the color of earth and stone on and near the site， blends harmoniously with the landscape. Scoria walls are made from a porous， lightweight red volcanic aggregate which is mixed to form a self- supporting semi-fluid and rammed into formwork similar to the process of rammed earth.

© Cade Hayes

客户要求有户外生活区和睡眠区，这促使建筑师重新发现当地住宅规划的一种原型，它也用作Casa Caldera房屋的主要组织概念 —— 门廊。

The clients request of having outdoor living and sleeping zones lead to the re-discovery of a local vernacular house planning typology that was used as the main organizing concept of Casa Caldera – a Zaguan.

Floor Plan/平面图

Casa Calderas房屋的可居空间880平方英尺，分为3个小的矩形区，其中居住空间265平方英尺，265平方英尺的睡眠/洗浴空间被中央门廊一分为二，主要的户外生活空间270平方英尺，带有一个80平方英尺的朝西中庭。房屋占地面积1060平方英尺。山下有个100平方英尺的偏僻独立露台，项目总面积1160平方英尺。

Casa Calderas livable space of 880 sq. ft. is broken into 3 small rectangular zones; 265 sq. ft. of living space， and 265 sq. ft. of sleeping/bathing space which are bisected by a central Zaguan， the main outdoor living space (270 sq. ft.) with a patio to the west (80 sq. ft.). The footprint of the house covers 1060 sq. ft. with a remote isolated patio down the hill of (100 sq ft.) (Total project sq. ft. 1160)

© Cade Hayes

大型金属双折门在门廊两端，将有顶的生活空间连接到远处的景观。向东，门廊敞开像全尺寸的透视画，向西，景色延伸到圣拉斐尔山谷和巴塔哥尼亚山脉的远处。双折门提供自然光，打开时利用被动降温的微风，关闭时保障安全。门能以多种方式安装，随着季节、用途和生活方式的变化业主可自由使用，使用双折门控制太阳能的光照量，或以不同方式利用微风。当温度合适时，门廊是受保护的遮盖空间，可用于休息、餐饮和睡眠。

Large bifolding metal doors on either end of the Zaguan connect the covered living space to the landscape beyond. To the east the Zaguan opens up like a full scale diorama and to the west the story book view stretches to the distant landscape across San Rafael Valley and the Patagonia Mountains. The bi-folding doors deliver natural light and harness passive cooling breezes when open and security when closed. The doors can be configured in a myriad of ways， as seasons， use， and lifestyle requires the owner to interact and respond， using the bi-folding doors to control the solar gain or harness the breezes in different ways. When the temperatures are appropriate the Zaguan is a protected covered space used for lounging， dining and sleeping.  

© Cade Hayes

门廊作为空间提供了难得的体验，人们能在这里放慢脚步或逗留，并以独特的集中视野简单领略自然环境，在自然中感受时间的流逝。唯一的热源是烧柴炉和壁炉。根据经验，在冬天醒来时想到的第一件事就是火。亚利桑那州橡树燃烧的气味在记忆中进一步强调了房屋的体验属性。降温是通过18”厚火山渣墙壁的热量传递和空气自然流动来实现的，空气因两侧的正负压力而穿过门廊。外窗的布置仔细考虑了太阳方位，保持小尺寸使夏天的直射太阳得热最小。

The Zaguan as a space offers the rare experience where one can slow down or stop altogether，  and simply take in the natural environment in a single focused view and physically witness time passing.The only sources of heat are a wood burning stove and fireplace.  Experientially， in the winter， the first thing one thinks of when they wake is fire.  The smell of the Arizona Emory oaks burning further distinguishes the experiential nature of the house in the memory of scent. Cooling is achieved through the thermal offset of 18” thick scoria walls and the natural flow of air that moves through the Zaguan due to the positive and negative pressures on either side. Solar orientation was carefully considered in the placement of exterior windows， which were kept small to minimize direct solar heat gain in the summer.

Section/截面图

所有窗户都是可操作的，还有客厅窗户墙的踢脚线和横梁、卧室入口、槽窗也可操作，槽窗利用空气，将空气引出门廊，穿过生活区和睡眠区。通往睡眠区的通道另外增加了一扇门，当两者都打开时，小的烧柴炉还能给门廊空间供暖，需要时用于宴会和小聚会。这种可操作性进一步吸引业主积极参与房屋的各种体验。

现有水井为房屋供水，一个小型太阳能电力系统位于远离房屋的地方，提供基本的用电。房屋使用最少的照明设备，所有都是低压LED。做饭、水暖和制冷都是由丙烷气提供能量。

All of the windows are operable， as well as the kicks and transoms of the living room window wall， bedroom entry and slot windows that harness and pull air out of the Zaguan and through the living and sleeping zones. An extra door was added to the access to the sleeping zone， so that when both are open， the small wood burning stove can also heat the Zaguan space for dinner parties and small gatherings when desired. This operability further engages the owner as an active participant in the experience of the house.
An existing well provides water for the house， and a small solar electrical system sits away from the house to provide for basic electrical power use. Minimal lighting is used， all low voltage LED. Cooking， water heating and refrigeration are all powered by propane gas.

© Cade Hayes

Casa Caldera房屋几乎完全定制。火山渣墙、钢窗、门、五金、皮革拉手、木墙板、木工、精细家具和框架都由DUST事务所制作和安装。天花板和门廊墙壁所用木材是回收的黄樟木。Casa Caldera房屋完全没有格栅。在Caldera房屋的建造中，只产生了三十码的废物，只利用了一次材料装卸。

Casa Caldera is almost entirely custom built. The scoria walls， steel windows， doors， hardware， leather pulls， wood siding， millwork， casework and framing were all fabricated and installed by DUST. The wood that is used on the ceiling and Zaguan walls is reclaimed sassafrass. Casa Caldera is entirely off grid.
Only thirty yards of waste， one roll-off， was created in the making of Casa Caldera.

© Cade Hayes

技术描述：

厚厚的外墙是用来自亚利桑那州北部的红色火山渣粉来铸造和夯筑的。火山渣是一种有效的绝缘体，这是由于集料和打夯法产生了许多孔隙。火山渣墙创建结构和装饰，同时提供绝缘和热质。除了孔隙产生有效的绝缘，硬质泡沫绝缘也安装在墙壁截面的距外部的1/3处。

Technical Description:
The thick exterior walls were cast and rammed of pulverized red scoria sourced from northern Arizona. Scoria is an effective insulator due to the porosity provided by the aggregate and ramming methods.Scoria walls create the structure， finish and offer insulation and thermal mass all in one stroke.  In addition to the porosity creating effective insulation， rigid foam insulation has been introduced within the outer 1/3 of the wall section.

© Cade Hayes

Casa Caldera房屋中使用火山渣墙，创建火山渣墙的具体方法主要是先锋建筑师Paul Schwam的成果，他在过去20年开发了自己的搅拌和传送系统。

The specific method of creating the scoria walls used in Casa Caldera is primarily a result of a pioneer builder named Paul Schwam who developed his own mixing and delivery system over the past 20 years.

© Cade Hayes

© Cade Hayes

最简结构的钢筋网格建于混凝土底脚上。项目还使用额外的钢筋，用于构成完整的横梁、柱子和顶端，它们都与火山渣外壳无缝地连接在一起。模板竖立按照4’段的形式，项目还使用了西蒙斯叠层钢形式。轻质的干燥火山岩集料和水泥被放入料斗搅拌机，它是由Paul Schwam定制。配合比以适当的比例显示，引入适量的水产生半流体物质。准备好使用混合物，设法通过料斗底部的搅拌钻到达传送系统。一旦混合物在传送系统上，可以根据墙高在几根传送带上运送。火山渣然后通过12”到18“升降机送入模板，再用2 x2的小木夯用手轻夯。这个过程重复进行，当墙壁升高增加更多的模板，直到到达墙壁顶部。

A minimal structural grid of reinforcement is built upon concrete footings. Extra rebar is used as needed to form the integral beams， columns and heads that are all seamless in the final scoria shell.  Formwork is erected in 4’ segments; in this case， Symons steel-ply forms were used. The dry lightweight volcanic aggregate and cement are put in the hoppers mixing machine custom made by Paul Schwam. The dry mix ratio is dialed in with an appropriate ratios and the introduction of just the right amount of water to produce a semi-fluid material. The ready to use mix finds its way to a conveying delivery system through a mixing auger at the bottom of the hoppers. Once the mix is on the conveying system is can travel on several conveying belts depending on height of the walls. Scoria is then delivered into the formwork in 12” to 18” lifts and lightly rammed by hand using small 2”x2” wood tampers.  The process is repeated， adding more formwork as the walls rise until the top of wall is reached.  

© Cade Hayes

© Cade Hayes

© Cade Hayes

© Cade Hayes

© Cade Hayes

© Cade Hayes

© Cade Hayes

© Cade Hayes

© Cade Hayes

© Cade Hayes

© Cade Hayes

© Cade Hayes

© Cade Hayes

© Cade Hayes

© Cade Hayes

© Cade Hayes

© Cade Hayes

© Cade Hayes

© Cade Hayes

© Cade Hayes

© Cade Hayes

© Cade Hayes

建筑设计：DUST
项目位置：美国，亚利桑那州，圣拉斐尔谷
项目面积：520.0平方英尺
项目时间：2015年
摄影：Cade Hayes
总承建商：DUST
项目管理：Jesus Robles， Cade Hayes
木工：Jay Ritchey
混凝土和砌体：Agustin Valdez

Architects: DUST
Location: San Rafael Valley， Southeas Arizona， USA
Area: 520.0 ft2
Project Year: 2015
Photographs: Cade Hayes
General Contractor: DUST
Project Manager: Jesus Robles， Cade Hayes
Carpentry: Jay Ritchey
Concrete and Masonry: Agustin Valdez


出处：本文译自www.archdaily.com/，转载请注明出处。