Half A House Builds A Whole Community: Elemental’s Controversial Social Housing

由专筑网Yumi，韩平编译

在智利，一个中产阶级的家庭可能居住在80平方米左右的房子里，而一个足够幸运的低收入家庭可能居住在40平方米的房子里。他们买不起一个大的“好”的房子，而且往往留在小的房子或建筑体块中；但为什么不给他们半个“好”的房子，而不是一个完整的小房子？在上世纪70年代有位名叫John F.C. Turner的教授，在麻省理工学院的一个新的硕士课程的教学被称为“发展中国家的城市居住设计”，围绕这个概念制定了一个想法，人们可以为自己建立房屋。Sam Greenspan创作的99% 的研究描述了一个故事，关于这一想法是如何演变的，以及它变成了什么：半个房子。

In Chile, a middle-class family may inhabit a house of around 80 square meters, whereas a low-income family might be lucky enough to inhabit 40 square meters. They can’t afford a large “good” house, and are henceforth often left with smaller homes or building blocks; but why not give them half a “good” house, instead of a finished small house? In the 1970s a professor by the name John F.C. Turner, teaching at a new masters program at MIT called “Urban Settlement Design In Developing Countries”, developed an idea surrounding the concept that people can build for themselves. 99% Invisible has covered a story, produced by Sam Greenspan, on how this idea has evolved, and what it has turned into: Half A House.


Image via 99 Percent Invisible

Turner的前提是，住房应被视为一个持续进行的项目。这最终变成加建建设，这启发了建筑师兼加建住房专家George Gattoni的思考。Gattoni试图解决城市迁移的问题，它导致非法住房占用和巨大的住房赤字。Gattoni的斗争基于低收入家庭负担得起的基础上，加建建筑刚好符合。他参与了世界各地的加建建筑工程，提高了建筑界对它存在的认识。

在智利被8.8级的地震袭击后，当Alejandro Aravena领导的Elemental受委托为Constitución起草一个新的总体规划的时，形成了这个想法；这是在过去的50年中该地发生的第二个大地震事件，死亡人数超过500人，摧毁了城市80%的建筑物。Elemental 已经在智利的伊基克尝试了不完整的低收入住房，每个单元用7500美元建立起来，提供给100户家庭。但是，建立个体住宅只会花费太多。取而代之，Elemental 提供给居民刚好满足智利法律要求的低收入住房，让他们扩建剩余部分。

Turner’s premise was that housing should be conceived of as an on-going project. This eventually turned into incremental building, inspiring architect and incremental housing expert, George Gattoni. Gattoni was attempting to solve the problem of urban migration, resulting in squatting and huge housing deficits. Gattoni’s struggle laid in making low-income houses affordable, and incremental building was the answer. He has been involved in spreading incremental building projects all over the world, raising awareness of its existence in the architectural world.
Elemental, led by Alejandro Aravena, evolved this idea when commissioned to draw up a new master plan for Constitución, Chile, after it was hit by an earthquake of magnitude 8.8; the second largest in the world during the last 50 years, killing over 500 people and destroying 80% of the buildings in the city. Elemental had already experimented with unfinished low-income houses in Iquique, Chile, which were to be built at $7,500 per unit, for 100 families.  But building individual houses would simply cost too much. Instead, Elemental provided the residents with just enough to meet the Chilean legal requirements for low-income housing, allowing them to expand the rest.


Image via 99 Percent Invisible

在 Constitución有一个为了贝尔德镇的规划设计，在完整的区域内建造两层半的住宅，建筑的视觉设计是不同的，但概念是相同的；房子的一半是完全相同的，但另一半完全独特。完成的那一半的一层地板是由未完成的混凝土地板组成的，第二层覆盖未完成的胶合板。厨房里只有一个水槽，没有其他的电器，但房子便宜、实用并且能很好的绝缘。所有的家庭都不会只有一个简单的建筑，如混凝土基础、水管和电力，已经为他们完成了。智利政府支付道路、排水、污水处理、垃圾收集、公共汽车和其他必要的基础设施，这些都致力于建设一个良好的社区。居民只需提供他们的时间、劳动力和任何额外的材料。

In Constitución, the plans for Villa Verde, an entire area populated by two-storey half houses, the visual design of the buildings are different, but the concept is the same; half of the houses are identical and the other halves are completely unique. The first floor of the finished half is made up of unfinished concrete floors, and the second is covered in unfinished plywood. There is only one sink in the kitchen, with no other appliances, but the house is cheap, practical and well insulated. Everything that families wouldn’t have an easy time building alone, such as concrete foundations, plumbing, and electricity, has been finished for them. The Chilean government pays for roads, drainage, sewage, garbage collection, busses and any other necessary infrastructure, to focus on building a good community. Residents just have to provide their time, labor and any extra materials.


Image via 99 Percent Invisible

居民可以参加由Elemental促进的建筑研讨会，每一个房子都有一个本手册，它会提供扩大使用面积的可能的方法来或者标准建筑材料，避免任何人购买昂贵材料。设计愿景是居民最终有一个更舒适的房子，超过他们完全地自己建立的房子或者普通的国家资助而获得的房子。Juan Ignacio Cerda是Elemental的主要建筑师之一，说如果资金的问题解决了，该公司将建立相同的家园。任何额外的资金都将改善周围的空间和提升的街区品质，这也体现了公司倡导的社会方法。

Residents can take part in building workshops facilitated by Elemental, and every house comes with a manual covering possible ways to expand using standard building materials, avoiding the need for anyone to buy expensive custom resources. The vision is that residents end up with a much more pleasant house than what they could have built completely on their own or received from ordinary state funding. Juan Ignacio Cerda, one of Elemental’s principal architects, said that even if money were not an issue, the firm would build the same homes. Any extra funding would go into improving the surrounding space and uplifting the neighborhood, embodying the firm’s social approach.


Image via 99 Percent Invisible

从智利资源的稀缺性着手，Elemental产生了不会在地震或洪水中被摧毁的低收入的房子设计理念，让生活在那里的人感到安全。当然，并不是每个人都热衷于建立自己的房子，有些人对Elemental的承包商不太满意，但总体来说，这个概念似乎成功的使用“缺少作为一种工具”。

这也得到了建筑界的认可；Alejandro Aravena赢得了2016年的普利兹克奖，体现了“更社会化的建筑师的兴起…为了获得更好的城市环境而战斗。”与直觉告诉我们的相反，总结就是“建设半个房子可能是使一个社区变得整体的最好方式。”说来奇怪的是，这似乎是真的。

Born from the scarcity of resources in Chile, Elemental has produced low-income houses that are won’t be destroyed in an earthquake or flood, and feel safe for the people who live there. Of course, not everyone is so enthusiastic about building their own house, and some are not so satisfied with Elemental’s contractors, but on the whole, the concept seems to be succeeding in using “scarcity as a tool”.
This has also been recognized by the architectural community; Alejandro Aravena won the Pritzker Prize in 2016, for epitomizing “the revival of a more socially engaged architect…fighting for a better urban environment for all.” Contrary to what our intuition may tell us, by summarizing that “building half a house might just be the best way to make a community whole.” Oddly enough, this appears to be true.


出处：本文译自www.archdaily.com/，转载请注明出处。